Weimar culture

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Weimar Republic refers to the years (1919-1933) in German history. Politically and economically, the nation struggled with the terms and reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles (1918) that ended World War I, and endured punishing levels of inflation. 1920s Berlin was at the hectic center of the Weimar Culture.

The fourteen years of the Weimar were also marked by explosive intellectual productivity. German artists made significant cultural contributions in the fields of literature, art, architecture, music, dance, drama, and the new medium of the motion picture. Political theorist Ernst Bloch described Weimar culture as a Periclean Age.

Weimar culture encompassed the political caricature of Otto Dix and John Heartfield and George Grosz, the futuristic skyscraper dystopia of Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis and other products of the UFA studio, the beginnings of a new architectural style at the Bauhaus and the mass housing projects of Ernst May and Bruno Taut, and the decadent cabaret culture of Berlin documented by Christopher Isherwood.

Writers such as Alfred Döblin, Erich Maria Remarque and the brothers Heinrich and Thomas Mann presented a bleak look at the world and the failure of politics and society through literature. The theatres of Berlin and Frankfurt am Main were graced with drama by Bertolt Brecht, cabaret, and stage direction by Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator. Concert halls and conservatories exhibited the atonal and modern music of Alban Berg, Arnold Schoenberg, and Kurt Weill.

During the era of the Weimar Republic, Germany became a center of intellectual thought at its medieval universities, and most notably social and political theory (especially Marxism) was combined with Freudian psychoanalysis to form the highly influential discipline of Critical Theory—with its development at the Institute for Social Research (also known as the Frankfurt School) founded at the University of Frankfurt am Main.

With the rise of Nazism and the ascension of Adolf Hitler to power in 1933, many German intellectuals and cultural figures fled Germany for Turkey, the United States, the United Kingdom, and other parts of the world. Those who remained behind were often arrested, or detained in concentration camps. The intellectuals associated with the Institute for Social Research (also known as the Frankfurt School) fled to the United States and reestablished the Institute at the New School for Social Research in New York City.

In the words of writer Marcus Bullock, "Remarkable for the way it emerged from a catastrophe, more remarkable for the way it vanished into a still greater catastrophe, the world of Weimar represents modernism in its most vivid manifestation."

Contents 1 Notable Cultural Figures of the Weimar Era 1.1 Art 1.2 Architecture 1.3 Literature 1.4 Music 1.5 Theater and Film 1.6 Intellectuals 2 See also

[edit] Notable Cultural Figures of the Weimar Era

[edit] Art

• Ernst Barlach – sculptor
• Max Beckmann – painter, printmaker
• Otto Dix – painter
• Max Ernst – painter
• Conrad Felixmueller – painter
• George Grosz – painter
• John Heartfield – photomontage artist
• Erich Heckel – painter
• Herbert Bayer – painter and designer
• Käthe Kollwitz – printmaker, sculptor, artist
• Wassily Kandinsky – painter
• Ernst Ludwig Kirchner – painter
• Paul Klee – painter
• Gerhard Marcks – sculptor, woodcuts, lithographer, ceramics
• Otto Mueller – painter
• Gabriele Munter – painter
• Emil Nolde – painter
• Max Pechstein – painter
• Karl Schmidt-Rottluff – painter
• Kurt Schwitters – painter
• Hannah Höch – photomontage artist

[edit] Architecture

• Peter Behrens – architect
• Walter Gropius – architect, founder of the Bauhaus
• Hugo Häring – architect
• Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky – the first female architect in Austria and designer of the Frankfurt kitchen
• Ernst May – architect
• Erich Mendelsohn – architect
• Adolf Meyer – architect
• Hans Poelzig – architect
• Bruno Taut – architect and city planner
• Mies van der Rohe – architect

[edit] Literature

• Bertolt Brecht – playwright (The Threepenny Opera)
• Alfred Döblin – novelist (Berlin Alexanderplatz)
• Hermann Hesse – novelist (Siddartha)
• Christopher Isherwood – novelist
• Ernst Jünger
• Heinrich Mann – novelist (Der Untertan)
• Klaus Mann
• Thomas Mann – novelist (Death in Venice, Buddenbrooks, The Magic Mountain)
• Erich Mühsam – poet, playwright, anarchist
• Erich Maria Remarque – novelist (All Quiet on the Western Front)
• Anna Seghers – novelist
• Kurt Tucholsky – satirist

[edit] Music

• Alban Berg – composer (Wozzeck)
• Paul Hindemith – composer, violist (Mathis der Maler)
• Otto Klemperer – conductor and composer
• Arnold Schoenberg – composer (Transfigured Night)
• Anton Webern – composer
• Kurt Weill – composer (The Threepenny Opera)

[edit] Theater and Film

• Marlene Dietrich – actress
• Arnold Fanck – director, producer and editor of Mountain films
• Greta Garbo – actress
• Brigitte Helm – actress
• Erika Mann – theatre producer, playwright, journalist, cabaret and film actress.
• Pola Negri – actress
• Leni Riefenstahl – controversial dancer, actress, and film director (directed many technically acclaimed films including several infamous NAZI propaganda films)
• Max Reinhardt – theatre producer
• Lotte Reiniger – pioneering animator
• Fritz Lang – filmmaker Metropolis (1927)
• Ernst Lubitsch – film director
• Erwin Piscator – theatre and film producer
• Hans Richter – filmmaker, actor, writer
• Leontine Sagan – actress and filmmaker Mädchen in Uniform (1931)
• Josef von Sternberg – filmmaker The Salvation Hunters (1925), The Blue Angel (1930)
• F.W. Murnau – director "The Last Laugh" or "The Last Man" (1925)
• Walther Ruttman – director "Opus series", "Berlin: Symphony of a Great City"
• Conrad Veidt – actor
• Anita Berber – actress

[edit] Intellectuals

• Theodor W. Adorno
• Walter Benjamin – critical theorist
• Albert Einstein – physicist
• Erich Fromm – psychologist and philosopher
• Sigmund Freud – psychoanalyst
• Max Horkheimer – critical theorist
• Carl Jung – psychoanalyst
• Siegfried Kracauer
• Franz Oppenheimer – sociologist and political economist
• Max Weber – political theorist

[edit] See also

• 1920s Berlin
• Aftermath of World War I
• Bauhaus
• Cabaret
• Cinema of Germany
• Critical Theory
• Culture of Germany
• Dada
• Degenerate art
• Expressionism
• Frankfurt School
• Futurism
• Germany
• German Expressionism
• Gleichschaltung
• Glossary of the Weimar Republic
• History of Germany
• Kultur
• Literature of World War I
• Lost Generation
• Modernism
• Nazi Germany
• New Objectivity
• Post-WWI recession
• Post-expressionism
• Surrealism
• Weimar Republic
• Weimar Timeline
• World War I