War Resisters' International
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War Resisters' International or WRI is an international anti-war organization with members and affiliates in over thirty countries. Its headquarters are in London, UK.
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[edit] History
Founded in Bilthoven, Netherlands in 1921, WRI adopted the broken rifle as its symbol and a founding declaration that has remained unchanged:
| War is a crime against humanity. I am therefore determined not to support any kind of war and to strive for the removal of all causes of war. |
Many of its founders had been involved in the resistance to the First World War: its first Secretary, Herbert Runham Brown, had spent two and a half years in a British prison as a conscientious objector. Witnessing the collapse of the policy of an "international general strike against war" (adopted by the Socialist International), they decided to launch an anti-militarist international. Two years later, in 1923, Tracey Mygatte, Frances Witherspoon, Jessie Wallace Hughan, and John Haynes Holmes founded the War Resisters League in the United States.
WRI members refuse to support war or preparations for war. Their conscientious objection to war takes various forms. Some refuse to engage in military service. Others refuse to pay taxes that support the military. Still others refuse to work for military contractors. WRI has been involved in movements that have transformed these individual acts of personal witness into collective acts of noncooperation, such as draft card burnings in the U.S. during the Vietnam War. Each year on December 1, Prisoners for Peace Day, WRI produces an Honour Roll of those imprisoned for nonviolent action against war preparations. If the name gives an image of a network mainly of young men resisting military service, the reality is much more varied. WRI cuts across age groups, drawing on the experience of several generations of organizers of nonviolent action and from a variety of cultures. In addition, it has organized four international women's conferences and has an active Women's Working Group.
WRI members also are fundamentally committed to promoting nonviolent action as a form of social struggle. WRI has provided training in nonviolence, held international conferences on themes such as "Nonviolent Struggle and Social Defense" and "Feminism and Nonviolence," and organized nonviolent action campaigns.
Within the WRI network, from the Dutch anarchist Bart de Ligt and the U.S. Quaker Richard Gregg onwards, there have always been many people interested in nonviolent struggle as a means of social change. This, together with the organization's analysis that the injustice of colonialism was a cause of war, led to a keen interest in the Indian independence struggle and, later, close working relationships with sections of the Gandhian movement.
Peak periods of activity in WRI occurred in the 1930s, the 1960s (with the first wave of antinuclear campaigning, the U.S. civil rights movement, and the international anti-Vietnam War movement), and the 1980s. In the 1930s and 1940s, WRI helped to rescue people from persecution under Franco and under the Nazis and found them safe homes with WRI members in other countries. It paid particular attention to the plight of Spanish orphans, children separated from their parents, and widows (see, for example, José Brocca). Under Nazi occupation, Dutch, Danish, and Norwegian members of WRI played prominent roles in organizing nonviolent resistance to frustrate the occupiers' plans and to deny them the fruits of their aggression. (The secretary of the Dutch section was executed by firing squad in December 1944 for printing illegal papers and pamphlets.)
During the Cold War, WRI consistently sought out war resisters in the Soviet bloc: first individuals, and later groups. After the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, WRI organized protest demonstrations in four Warsaw Pact capitals. In the 1980s, it adopted the idea of personal peace treaties: peace activists from the Eastern and Western blocs declared their loyalty to the values they held in common and not to the machinery of state and military that divided them; they then vowed to support each other in their struggle against the militarism of their respective blocs. Other actions were less public, such as private visits where material or information was smuggled in or out of a country.
There also have been many testing times for WRI. During the Spanish Civil War, the Second World War, the Vietnam War, and the 1990s' wars in the Balkans, peace movements have found themselves divided. Faced by what they see as a defensive war against a brutal aggressor, many individuals have questioned their commitment not to support any kind of war.
WRI has tried to develop nonviolent strategies for effective action in such situations, trying to pose another way, an alternative between submission and taking up arms, and to find means of breaking the cycle of war and violence. In 1971, when Pakistani troops were blockading what was then East Pakistan, WRI launched Operation Omega to Bangladesh, a nonviolent direct action project to take in relief supplies. More recently, the International Deserters Network associated with WRI has offered support for people resisting the Gulf War of 1991 and, on a much larger scale, the wars in the Balkans, where it was also engaged with several other peace organizations in an experiment in international nonviolent intervention, the Balkan Peace Team, working for human rights and in support of civil society initiatives in nonviolent conflict resolution.
[edit] Organization
War Resisters' International is a network of member groups. A list of member groups can be found below or (with addresses and weblinks) on the WRI website [1]. An international conference takes place at least once every four years (for historical reasons, conferences since 1994 have been referred to as "triennials" despite departing from that frequency).
The chair is elected by postal vote in advance of the international conference. Since the office of chair was created in 1926, chairs have been:
- Fenner Brockway (1926-1934)
- Lord Ponsonby (1934-1937)
- George Lansbury (1937-1940)
- Herbert Runham Brown (1946-1949)
- Harold Bing (1949-1966)
- Michael Randle (1966-1973)
- Devi Prasad (1973-1975)
- Myrtle Solomon (1975-1986)
- David McReynolds (1986-1988)
- Narayan Desai (1989-1991)
- Jørgen Johansen (1991-1998)
- Joanne Sheehan (1998-2006)
- Howard Clark (2006- )
[edit] Publications
- WRI's main publication is the quarterly bulletin The Broken Rifle (in hard copy [non-standard tabloid or A4 paper size], PDF, and HTML editions, in English, French, German, and Spanish, and occasionally in other languages such as Russian and Korean).
- The Women's Working Group of WRI produces an occasional A5 magazine, WRI Women.
- Two e-bulletins -- CO-Update and War Profiteers' News -- appear regularly in English with subsequent translation into other languages.
[edit] Affiliated groups
Key: S = section A = Associated organisation AP = Associated publication
| country | customary name | English name | affiliated as |
| ANGOLA | Iniciativa Angolana Antimilitarista para os Direitos Humanos | Angolan Antimilitaristic Initiative for Human Rights | S |
| AUSTRALIA | War Resisters' League | S | |
| AUSTRIA | Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wehrdienstverweigerung und Gewaltfreiheit | A | |
| AUSTRIA | Begegnungszentrum für Aktive Gewaltlosigkeit | A | |
| BELGIUM | Action Jeunesse pour la Paix | Youth Action for Peace | A |
| BELGIUM | Vredesactie | Peace Action | S |
| BELGIUM | Mouvement International de la Réconciliation/ Internationale des Résistant(e)s à la Guerre | S | |
| BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA | Kampanja za prigovor savjesti u BiH | Campaign for Conscientious Objection in BiH | A |
| BRITAIN | Anglican Pacifist Fellowship | A | |
| BRITAIN | Brotherhood Church | A | |
| BRITAIN | Conscience - The Peace Tax Campaign | A | |
| BRITAIN | Greenpeace (London) | A | |
| BRITAIN | Housmans Bookshop | A | |
| BRITAIN | Peace News | AP | |
| BRITAIN | Aldermaston Women's Peace Campaign | A | |
| BRITAIN | Fellowship of Reconciliation UK | S | |
| BRITAIN | Peace Pledge Union | S | |
| CANADA | Centre de ressources sur la non-violence | A | |
| CANADA | ACT for the Earth | S | |
| CHAD | Tchad Non-Violence | A | |
| CHILE | Grupo de Objeción de Conciencia Ni Casco Ni Uniforme | S | |
| CHILE | Grupo de Objeción de Conciencia Rompiendo Filas | S | |
| COLOMBIA | Red Juvenil | A | |
| CROATIA | Antiratna Kampanja Hrvatske | A | |
| DENMARK | Aldrig Mere Krig | S | |
| ECUADOR | Servicio Paz y Justicia del Ecuador | A | |
| FINLAND | Committee of 100 in Finland | A | |
| FINLAND | Sitoutumaton Vasemmisto | Independent Left | A |
| FINLAND | Aseistakieltäytyiäliitto | Union of Conscientious Objectors | S |
| FRANCE | Collectif des Objectrices et Objecteurs Tarnais | A | |
| FRANCE | Mouvement de l'Objection de Conscience | A | |
| FRANCE | Mouvement International de la Réconciliation | A | |
| FRANCE | Mouvement pour une alternative non-violente | A | |
| FRANCE | Union Pacifiste de France | S | |
| GEORGIA | People to People | A | |
| GEORGIA | War Resisters' International - Georgian Section | S | |
| GERMANY | Anti-Kriegs-Museum | A | |
| GERMANY | Archiv Aktiv für gewaltfreie Bewegungen | A | |
| GERMANY | Graswurzelrevolution | AP | |
| GERMANY | Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft - Internationale der Kriegsdienstgegner | S | |
| GERMANY | Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft - Vereinigte KriegsdienstgegnerInnen | S | |
| GERMANY | Institut für Friedensarbeit und Gewaltfreie Konfliktaustragung | Institute for Peace Work and Nonviolent Conflict Transformation | S |
| GERMANY | Internationale der KriegsdienstgegnerInnen - Berlin | S | |
| GREECE | Συνδεσμοσ Αντιρρησιων Συνειδησησ | Association of Greek COs | S |
| HUNGARY | Alba Kör - Eröszakmentes Mozgalom a Békéért | Alba Circle: Nonviolent Movement for Peace in Hungary | S |
| INDIA | Gandhian Society Villages Association | A | |
| INDIA | Swadhina | S | |
| INDIA | War Resisters of India/West | S | |
| IRELAND | INNATE - an Irish Network for Nonviolent Action Training and Education | A | |
| ISRAEL | New Profile | A | |
| ITALY | Associazione SignorNò! | A | |
| ITALY | Lega degli Obiettori di Coscienza | A | |
| ITALY | Movimento Nonviolento | S | |
| JAPAN | Nipponzan Myohoji | A | |
| JAPAN | WRI Japan | S | |
| KOREA (SOUTH) | 전쟁 저항자 인터내셔널 코리아 | WRI-Korea | A |
| MACEDONIA | Мировна Акција/Mirovna Akcija | Peace Action | A |
| NEPAL | Human Rights Without Frontiers, Nepal | A | |
| NETHERLANDS | PAIS | S | |
| NIGERIA | Alternatives to Violence Project Nigeria | A | |
| NORWAY | Folkereisning Mot Krig | S | |
| PAPUA NEW GUINEA | Leitana Nehan Women's Development Agency | A | |
| PARAGUAY | Movimiento de Objeción de Conciencia | A | |
| PORTUGAL | Associação Livre dos Objectores e Objectoras de Consciência | A | |
| ROMANIA | Sibienii Pacifisti | A | |
| SERBIA | Pokret za Mir Pančevo | A | |
| SERBIA | Žene u Crnom protiv Rata | Women in Black Against War | A |
| SPAIN (state of) | Taller de Paz | Peace Factory | A |
| SPAIN (state of) | Assemblea Antimilitarista de Catalunya | S | |
| SPAIN (state of) | Kontzientzi Eragozpen Mugimendua | S | |
| SPAIN (state of) | Alternativa Antimilitarista.MOC | S | |
| SRI LANKA | Nonviolent Direct Action Group | S | |
| SUDAN | Sudanese Organization for Nonviolence and Development | A | |
| SWEDEN | Kristna Fredsrörelsen | S | |
| SWEDEN | Svenska Freds- och Skiljedomsföreningen | Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society | S |
| SWITZERLAND | Centre pour l'action non-violente | Centre for Nonviolent Action (formerly Centre Martin Luther King) | A |
| SWITZERLAND | Gruppe für eine Schweiz ohne Armee | A | |
| TURKEY | İstanbul Anti-militarist İnisiyatif | Istanbul Antimilitarist Initiative | A |
| UGANDA | Jamii Ya Kupatanisha | Fellowship of Reconciliation in Uganda | A |
| UNITED STATES | Fellowship of Reconciliation USA | A | |
| UNITED STATES | Resource Center for Nonviolence | A | |
| UNITED STATES | War Resisters League | S | |
| ZIMBABWE | Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe | A | |
| international organisations | International Nonviolent Initiatives | A |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
Beyer, Wolfram: "60 years the War Resisters' International (WRI) - with special reference to the period 1921 - 1939", Berlin 1985, published by 'Schriftenreihe des Libertären Forums Berlin' (engl. Translation from german Language by Hilda Morris, GB - theses for diploma at the Free University of Berlin)
Clark, Howard: "War Resisters' International", in Encyclopaedia of Nonviolence, Garland Publishing 1997
Prasad, Devi: War is a Crime against Humanity: The story of War Resisters' International, London: War Resisters' International 2005
