Wallace fountain

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Wallace fountains are public drinking fountains that appear in the form of small cast-iron sculptures scattered throughout the city of Paris, mainly along the most-frequented sidewalks. They are named after the Englishman Richard Wallace, who financed their construction. A great aesthetic success, they are recognized worldwide as one of the symbols of Paris.

Contents 1 Background 2 Sir Richard Wallace 3 Why fountains? 4 Conception 5 Sculptor 6 Different models 6.1 Large model 6.2 Applied model 6.3 Small model 6.4 Colonnaded model 7 Where to place them? 8 Wallace fountains 9 Today 10 Locations 10.1 Paris 10.1.1 The 65 large model fountains 10.1.2 The 9 small model fountains 10.1.3 The 2 colonnaded fountains 10.1.4 The applied model 10.2 Outside of Paris 10.2.1 Nantes 10.2.2 Montréal (Canada) 10.2.3 Bordeaux 10.2.4 Clermont-Ferrand 10.2.5 Saint-Denis, Réunion 10.2.6 Toulon 10.2.7 Elsewhere

[edit] Background

During the Franco-Prussian War, Paris went through difficult times. The re-establishment of the Republic, the short-lived coup by the Paris Commune, destructive bombings by the Prussians, and the defeat that ceded Alsace-Lorraine to them were all important upheavals of the time.

The city was quickly rebuilt, despite the ravages which the capital had suffered. In less than ten years, it was transformed, with new buildings (the Paris Opera) and new boulevards (Raspail and St-Germain). Additionally, philanthropy was in style among the wealthy bourgeoisie, who financed numerous "good works" (such as the Red Cross and the Salvation Army) in order to uphold their image.

[edit] Sir Richard Wallace

Among these philanthropists, Sir Richard Wallace was one of the most eclectic and reserved. Having inherited a large fortune from his father in August 1870, he decided that all Parisians should profit from it, which made him very popular. He may be considered a true philanthropist, in the proper sense of the word, as opposed to certain members of the elite, for whom charitable deeds were only a way of increasing their fame. Wallace's devotion led him to remain in his Parisian villa even as the city was besieged, rather than take refuge on one of his palatial estates, in order to be in Paris when he was needed.

He founded a hospital, where he personally welcomed victims of the bombings and distributed supplies, among other efforts he undertook on behalf of Parisians at war. He remained ever faithful to his adopted nation, France, and is buried at Père Lachaise cemetery among many other important figures.

Of all his numerous contributions to Parisian heritage, the best-known, as they are still very recognizable and useful today, are the fountains which bear his name.

[edit] Why fountains?

As a result of the siege of Paris and the Commune episode, many aqueducts had been destroyed, and the price of water, already higher than normal, went up considerably. Because of this, most of the poor found that they were unable to get water without having to pay for it. The temptation to take to liquor was strong among the lower classes, and it was considered a moral duty to keep them from falling into alcoholism. Even today, when water and hygiene are not a problem for the vast majority of Parisians, these fountains are often the only sources of free water for the homeless.

But the poor are not the only beneficiaries of these installations. Even if the aim of the fountains was to allow as many people of modest means as possible to have access to drinking water, they are not the only ones who use them. Indeed, anyone passing by, rich or poor, may quench their thirst, fulfilling this vital need in equal fashion.

Not only did the fountains accomplish Wallace's philosophy of lending a hand to those in need, but they also served to beautify Paris without making a spectacle. That is why the fountains are discreet and pleasing to the eye as well as useful.

[edit] Conception

Richard Wallace designed the fountains himself and intended them to be beautiful as well as useful. The fountains had to meet several strict guidelines:

• Height: They had to be tall enough to be seen from afar but not so tall as to destroy the harmony of the surrounding landscape.
• Form: Both practical to use and pleasing to the eye.
• Price: Affordable enough to allow the installation of dozens.
• Materials: Resistant to the elements, easy to shape, and simple to maintain.

The locations, as well as the color (a dark green, like all urban development of that era, in order to blend in with the parks and tree-lined avenues), were quickly decided upon by the city government.

Wallace created two different models, which were followed by two additional models, so, in all, there were four types of Wallace fountains varying in such properties as height and motif. The material that was used to create them was cast-iron. Inexpensive, easy to mold, and robust, it was one of the most popular materials of the age. The majority of the cost was paid for by Wallace. The city of Paris allocated 1000 francs for the large model and 450 francs for the wall-mounted model.

[edit] Sculptor

Wishing that his project be completed as rapidly as possible, Wallace called on Charles-Auguste Lebourg, a sculpter from Nantes whom he knew and whose talents were already renowned. Lebourg improved Wallace's sketches, already studied and thought-provoking, to make the fountains true works of art.

[edit] Different models

[edit] Large model

(2.71 m, 610 kg)

The large model was conceived by Sir Richard Wallace, and was inspired by the Fontaine des Innocents. On a foundation of Hauteville stone rests an octagonal pedestal on which four caryatids are affixed with their backs turned and their arms supporting a pointed dome decorated by dolphins.

The water is distributed in a slender trickle issuing from the center of the dome and falls down into a basin that is protected by a grille. To make distribution easier, two tin-plated, iron cups attached to the fountain by a small chain were at the drinker's desire, staying always submerged for more cleanliness. These cups were removed in 1952 "for Hygiene reasons" by demand of the Council of Public Hygiene of the old Department of the Seine.

For more information, see the Technical File (in French).

The four caryatids represent kindness, simplicity, charity and sobriety. Each one is different from her sisters, by the way she bends her knees and by where her tunic is tucked into her blouse.

[edit] Applied model

(1.96 m, 300 kg)

Sir Richard's other model. In the middle of a semi-circular pediment, the head of a naiad issues a trickle of water that falls into a basin resting between two pilasters. Two goblets allowed the water to be drunk, but they were retired under edict of the 1952 law cited above. This model, costing little to install, was to have been many units along the lengths of the walls of buildings with strong humanitarian focus, e.g. hospitals. This was unfortunately not the case and they do not remain today except for one situated on rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.

[edit] Small model

These are simple pushbutton fountains that one can find in squares and public gardens and are marked with the Parisian Seal (although the one installed on the Place des Invalides doesn't have this seal). They are very familiar to mothers who bring their children to play in the many small parks in Paris.

Measuring only 4'-3" and weighing 286 lbs., they were commissioned by the mayor of Paris more frequently than its older sister models.

[edit] Colonnaded model

(2.50 m, a little more than 500 kg)

This model was the last to be realized. The general shape resembles that of the Large Model and the caryatids were replaced with small columns to reduce the cost of fabrication. The dome was also less pointy and the lower part more curved.

Although thirty models were made, today there remain only two, one on rue de Rémusat and the other on avenue des Ternes.

[edit] Where to place them?

The choice of the location of the fountains was left to the city of Paris. They needed to be placed at the will of the public in a practical manner and integrated in the most harmonious fashion with the environment. Most were placed in squares or at the intersections of two roads. This made Eugene Belgrand (a hydraulic engineer, Director of Water and Sewers of Paris; he worked with the prefect Georges Haussmann) responsible for the choice, and one can consider that they were made in a judicious manner.

[edit] Wallace fountains

The first two models (large model and applied model) were conceived and financed by Sir Richard Wallace, from whom they get their name. The two other models were created in the same styles and the resemblance is obvious. They were created following the success of their predecessors.

However, the more recent designs aren't strongly steeped in Wallace's aesthetic ideals, that in true Renaissance style, they should be useful, beautiful, and symbolic, in addition to being real works of art. The disappearance of the faces of women is a good example of this (the feminine presence in Wallace's notions, an omnipresent symbol in Renaissance art, drew a parallel between water and woman, both mothers, tender and sensuous).

[edit] Today

Most of the fountains still present in the city still work, and distribute, contrary to popular belief, perfectly potable water. They are the rare points of free water in the city to the great relief of the homeless for whom they are a life-source and the thirst of passers-by which the fountains often quench. Sir Richard Wallace has achieved his goal and probably fulfilled his hopes, although the number of the destitute still on Parisian streets would probably disappoint him 120 years after his actions.

The fountains work from March 15 to November 15 (the risk of freezing during the months of winter would imperil the internal plumbing), are regularly maintained, and repainted every two years.

They are an integral part of the Parisian landscape, typical and picturesque, of the same importance as the Eiffel Tower or the street urchins of Montmartre, as their creators would have wished. In Amélie, the cinegraphic piece about the glory of Parisian folklore, Jean-Pierre Jeunet baptised a personality Madeleine Wallace (she cried like a madeleine, or like a Wallace fountain), although the English subtitled version renamed the character of Madeleine, to Madeleine Wells for cultural understanding.

For more than a century they have been in place, and these monuments have never had to suffer criticism. They were always respected, even by the Nazis who had melted a number of statues to make arms. However, curiously, they are not classified as "historic monuments".

[edit] Locations

[edit] Paris

[edit] The 65 large model fountains

3rd arrondissement

• Boulevard de Sébastopol, square Chautemps
• Passage du Pont aux biches

4th arrondissement

• Place Louis Lépine, next to the Chambre de Commerce
• Place Louis Lépine, next to the Hôtel-dieu
• 7, Boulevard du Palais
• 123, rue Saint-Antoine

5th arrondissement

• Rue Poliveau, face rue de l'Essai
• Place Maubert
• 37, rue de la Bûcherie
• Place des Patriarches

6th arrondissement

• Place Saint-Germain-des-Prés
• Place Saint-Sulpice
• Pont Neuf, Quai des Grands Augustins
• Rue Vavin, at rue Bréa
• Place Saint-André-des-Arts

8th arrondissement

• Rue de St-Pétersbourg, at rue de Turin
• Av. des Champs-Elysées, Chevaux de Marly (north side)
• Av. des Champs-Elysées, Chevaux de Marly (south side)

9th arrondissement

• Place Gustave Toudouze
• Place de Budapest

10th arrondissement

• Place Juliette Dodu
• Place Jacques Bonsergent
• Place Robert Desnos

11th arrondissement

• 143, rue de la Roquette
• 197, Boulevard Voltaire
• 44, rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud
• 94, rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud
• 1, boulevard Richard Lenoir
• 89, boulevard Richard Lenoir

12th arrondissement

• Cours de Vincennes, face Blvd de Picpus
• Angle de St-Mandé, at rue du Rendez-vous
• Rue Descot, face Mairie du XIIe arrondissmentt

13th arrondissement

• 82, avenue d'Italie
• Rue de la Butte-aux-cailles, at rue de l'Espérance
• ZAC Baudricourt, at avenue d'Ivry

14th arrondissement

• Avenue Reille, at avenue René Coty
• Place Jules Hénaffe
• Place Edgard quinet, at rue de la Gaîté
• Place Denfert-Rochereau, at Blvd Raspail
• Avenue du Maine, face Mairie du XIVè arrondissement

15th arrondissement

• Place Henri Rollet
• 2, boulevard Pasteur
• Place du Général Beuret
• Place Charles Vallin

16th arrondissement

• 10, boulevard Delessert
• 194, avenue de Versailles
• Place Jean Lorrain
• Place de Passy
• Place du Père Marcellin Campagnat

17th arrondissement

• 112, avenue de Villiers
• Place Aimé Maillard
• 15, avenue Niel
• 1, avenue de Wagram
• 112, boulevard des Batignolles

18th arrondissement

• Place Emile Goudeau
• 42, boulevard Rochechouart
• Rue Saint-Eleuthère, at rue Azaïs
• Place des Abbesses
• Rue de la Goutte d'or, at rue de Chartres

19th arrondissement

• 214, boulevard de la Villette

20th arrondissement

• Place Edith Piaf
• 6, rue Eugène Belgrand
• 29, boulevard de Ménilmontant
• Place Maurice Chevalier
• Rue Piat, face au square

[edit] The 9 small model fountains

7th arrondissement

• Place des Invalides

11th arrondissement

• 32, boulevard Richard Lenoir
• 74, boulevard Richard Lenoir

13th arrondissement

• Place Paul Verlaine

15th arrondissement

• Place Alain Chartier
• Place Saint Charles
• 19, Place du Commerce
• 35, boulevard Pasteur

17th arrondissement

• 5, Place de Lévis

[edit] The 2 colonnaded fountains

16th arrondissement

• Rue de Rémusat, at Rue de Mirabeau

17th arrondissement

• Avenue des Ternes, at Place Pierre Demours

[edit] The applied model

5th arrondissement

• Intersection of Rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and rue Cuvier

[edit] Outside of Paris

[edit] Nantes

The sculptor who created the fountains, Charles Auguste Lebourg, was originally from Nantes. In addition to the Parisian fountains, a few were placed in Nantes in honor of their creator:

• Place de la Bourse
• Parc de la Gaudinière
• Jardin des plantes, near the botanical garden
• Jardin des Plantes, Boulevard Stalingrad, bas du jardin, near the entrance to "Gare SNCF"
• Cours Cambronne

[edit] Montréal (Canada)

This fountain was offered to the City of Montréal by the city of Paris in 1980 during the 1980 Flower Show.

• Île Notre-Dame, Parc des Îles, Jardin de la France

[edit] Bordeaux

On October 6, 1873, another philanthropist, Daniel Osiris, commanded 6 Large Model Fountains and asked the community of Bordeaux to install them. Only four remain today.

• Place du Général Sarrail

[edit] Clermont-Ferrand

• Between rue du 11 novembre and la Place de Jaude

[edit] Saint-Denis, Réunion

• Inside Jardin de l'État.

[edit] Toulon

• At the municipal halls of the City

[edit] Elsewhere

Abroad, one can find them in other countries (Switzerland, Mozambique, South Africa, Canada, Jordan, New Orleans. Barcelona) Lisburn, Northern Ireland

Some rich people and art amateurs, as well as celebrity artists, bought them for their pleasure. This is the case of Maurice Chevalier, who had them in his ownership in Marnes-la-Coquette, and Brigitte Bardot.