Valley Forge National Historical Park
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- This article is about the National Historical Park. For other uses, see Valley Forge (disambiguation).
| Valley Forge National Historical Park | |
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| Location: | Pennsylvania, USA |
| Nearest city: | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates: | |
| Area: | 3,466 acres (14.03 km²) |
| Established: | State Park: 1893 National Historical Park: July 4, 1976 |
| Visitation: | 1,293,001 (in 2005) |
| Governing body: | National Park Service |
Valley Forge National Historical Park is the site where the Continental Army spent the winter of 1777–1778 near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War. The National Historical Park preserves the site and interprets the history of the Valley Forge encampment. Originally Valley Forge State Park, it became a national park in 1976. The Park contains historical buildings, recreated encampment structures, memorials, museums, and recreation facilies.
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[edit] Historical encampment
From December 1777 to June 1778, the main body of the Continental Army was encamped in Valley Forge. The site was chosen to keep tabs on the British forces in Philadelphia 18 miles away. This was a time of great suffering for the army, but it was also a time of retraining and rejuvenation. The shared hardship and Baron von Steuben's professional military training program are considered key to the subsequent success of the Army and Revolution.
[edit] Park history
Established in 1893, Valley Forge was Pennsylvania’s first state park. In 1893 the independent Valley Forge Park Commission was created by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania "to preserve, improve and maintain as a public park the site on which General George Washington's army encamped at Valley Forge[1]." In 1923 the Commission was brought under the Department of Forests and Waters, and in 1971 moved under the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission[1].
In 1976, the bicentennial year, Pennsylvania gave the park as a gift to the nation. On the 4th of July, 1976, the park was transferred to the National Park System as Valley Forge National Historical Park.[2]
[edit] Modern park
Today the park is a mix of historic structures, reconstructed structures, memorials, visitor facilities.
[edit] Welcome Center
The modern park features a newly renovated Welcome Center, which shows a short film and has several exhibits.
Plans are underway to build the American Revolution Center near the Welcome Center.
[edit] Headquarters buildings
A key attraction of the park is the restored colonial home, used by George Washington as his Headquarters during the encampment. Quarters of other Continental Army Generals are in and near the park.
[edit] Reconstructed works and buildings
Throughout the park there are reconstructed log cabins of the type thought to be used during the encampment, including a larger log cabin hospital. Earthworks, for the never needed defense of the encampment, are visible, including several redoubts, the ditch for the Inner Line, and a reconstructed abbatis.
[edit] Washington Memorial Chapel
The Washington Memorial Chapel and National Patriots Bell Tower carillon sit atop a hill at the center of the present park. The Chapel is the legacy of Rev. Dr. W. Herbert Burk. Inspired by Burk's 1903 sermon on Washington's birthday, the Chapel was built as a tribute to Washington. Burk was also instrumental in the development of the park itself, including obtaining Washington's campaign tent and banner, now on display in the Welcome Center.[3] The Chapel and attached Bell Tower are not technically part of the park, but serve the spiritual needs of the park and the community that surround it. The Bell Tower houses the DAR Patriot Rolls, listing those that served in the Revolutionary War, and the Chapel grounds host the World of Scouting Museum.[4]
[edit] Memorial markers
Sitting atop a hill, the National Memorial Arch dominates the southern portion of the park. It is dedicated "to the officers and private soldiers of the Continental Army December 19, 1777 June 19, 1778". The Arch was erected in 1910 by an act of the 61st Congress. Visitors leaving the Welcome Center proceed along Outer Line Drive toward the Arch. The Drive is lined with large (~2 m high) memorial stones for each of the brigades, or "lines", that encamped there. Crossing Gulph Road at the Arch, the Drive proceeds through the Pennsylvania Columns and past the hilltop statute of Anthony Wayne on horse. More brigade stones line Port Kennedy Road.
[edit] Visitor facilities
[edit] Valley Forge Station
Near Washington's Headquarters is the Valley Forge Railroad Station. The station was completed in 1913 and was the Visitor Center for travelers who came by rail.[5] Should the Schuylkill Valley Metro project come to fruition, this station would again connect the Park to center city Philadelphia, Pottstown and Reading with public transportation. Near the Welcome Center is another rail road platform on the same line.
[edit] Mount Joy Observation Tower
Atop Mount Joy, the highest elevation in the main park area, stood a steel observation tower. After a long climb up the steps, visitors were rewarded with a panoramic view of the Schuylkill and Great Valleys. The tower was closed in the 1980s due to deterioration, liability concerns, and the surrounding trees outgrowing the platform. The tower has since been removed.
[edit] Modern problems
As a park in an increasingly urbanized area, Valley Forge faces problems including traffic, urban sprawl and an overpopulation of white tail deer.
Port Kennedy Road (PA Route 23), a heavily-traveled two lane commuter road, passes through the park. Efforts to divert the traffic have thus far been unsuccessful, owing to existing traffic volume on alternate routes. Other alternatives include putting the road into a tunnel.
In 2001, a privately-held 62-acre tract of land within the authorized park boundaries was offered for sale. When the Park Service was unable to purchase it, it was sold to Toll Brothers, a real estate development company, for $2.5 million. It took a grass roots campaign to get the Federal Government to purchase the land from developer two years later, for $7.5 million. [6]
An overpopulation of white tail deer has resulted in "changes in the species composition, abundance, and distribution of native plant communities and associated wildlife" in the park. In 2006, the National Park Service announced its intention to develop an approach to deer management that would "support long-term protection, preservation, and restoration of native vegetation and other natural resources within the park." [7] Hunting is expressly prohibited by the legislation that created the park, and action by Congress would be required before it could be sanctioned. [8]
The park is includes the site of a former asbestos-insulated pipe manufacturing company, called the Ehret Magnesia Company. Pre-existing dolostone quarries were subsequently backfilled with asbestos-containing slurry waste materials. Those areas of the park are closed to visitors and an effort is underway at permanent remediation.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Maps and aerial photos
- WikiSatellite view at WikiMapia
- Street map from MapQuest or Google Local
- Topographic map from TopoZone
- Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA
- Satellite image from Google Maps or Microsoft Virtual Earth
- Valley Forge National Historical Park official site
- Official VFNHP Map
- US History page
- Old train station
- Valley Forge Muster Roll website
- Friends of Valley Forge
[edit] References
- ^ a b Records of the VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION. Retrieved on 2006-10-27.
- ^ http://www.nps.gov/vafo/historyculture/chapel.htm
- ^ CHAPTER FIVE: The Churches at Valley Forge. Valley Forge National Historic Park. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.
- ^ World of Scouting Museum
- ^ http://www.revolutionaryday.com/usroute202/valleyforge/default.htm
- ^ Toll Bros: History, Land. . . and Battles. Retrieved on 2006-10-27.
- ^ White-tailed Deer Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Valley Forge National Historical Park, King of Prussia, PA. Retrieved on 2006-11-1.
- ^ Valley Forge park sets deer hearing. Retrieved on 2006-10-27.
