Víctor Paz Estenssoro
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| Víctor Paz Estenssoro | |
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50th President of Bolivia
52nd President of Bolivia 53rd President of Bolivia 72nd President of Bolivia |
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| In office 15 April 1952 – 6 August 1956 6 August 1960 – 6 August 1964 6 August 1964 – 4 November 1964 6 August 1985 – 6 August 1989 |
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| Preceded by | Hugo Ballivián (1952) Hernán Siles Zuazo (1960) Hernán Siles Zuazo (1985) |
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| Succeeded by | Hernán Siles Zuazo (1956) René Barrientos (1964) Jaime Paz Zamora (1989) |
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| Born | October 7, 1907 Bolivia |
| Died | June 7, 2001 Bolivia |
| Political party | MNR |
Ángel Víctor Paz Estenssoro (October 7, 1907 - June 7, 2001) was a politician and former president of Bolivia. He ran for president 8 times (1947, 1951, 1960, 1964, 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1985), winning in 1951, 1960, 1964, and 1985.
[edit] Founding of the MNR and early political years (1941-52)
In 1941 Víctor Paz Estenssoro co-founded (along with Hernán Siles Zuazo and others) the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), originally a reformist revolutionary movement and later a centrist party. Paz became an influential member in the cabinet of Colonel Gualberto Villarroel (1943-46), but was forced out of that government as a result of pressure emanating from Washington. The United States was at the time involved in World War II, and suspected some members of the MNR leadership of harboring pro-fascist sympathies. Paz nonetheless ran for president in 1947, earning 3rd place, and again in 1951, when the MNR surprisingly won the electoral contest, despite the fact that the laws of that time confined the vote to a small, propertied stratum of the citizenry. The elections, however, were unilaterally annulled by the ultra-conservative government of Mamerto Urriolagoitia, and the MNR at that point went underground.
[edit] The 1952 Revolution
In April 1952, the MNR led a revolution which toppled the conservative (indeed, oligarchic) order that had prevailed practically since the country's inception. This "National Revolution" (considered one of the most far-reaching in the history of Latin America) is seen as the single most important political event in 20th century Bolivia. Paz Estenssoro became the first President in the new government (in recognition of his 1951 electoral victory) and served his first four-year term from 1952 until 1956.
[edit] First Paz government (1952-56)
Among the many important structural reforms adopted by the popular Paz government was the extension of universal suffrage to all adult citizens (natives and illiterates included), the nationalization of the largest tin-mining concerns, and an extensive program of land distribution (agrarian reform). Much of the military, which had served so well the interests of the economic elites prior to the Revolution, was dismantled and re-organized as a virtual arm of the MNR party. Its members were forced to swear allegiance to the Revolution, for example. Clearly, the idea was to fashion a hegemonic party in the image of Mexico's Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).
[edit] Paz's temporary retirement and polarization of the MNR (1956-60)
Paz was not allowed to run for another consecutive term, and Hernán Siles Zuazo was elected, serving as President from 1956 until 1960. During the Siles administration, the MNR began to polarize and fragment, with a conservative wing led by Walter Guevara Arze and an increasingly assertive left-leaning faction commanded by the charismatic leader of the Central Workers' Union (COB), Juan Lechín Oquendo. To prevent the fracturing of his party, Paz returned from London (where he had been serving as Bolivian ambassador) and ran for re-election in 1960, winning with an ample majority of the votes. His choice as vice-presidential running mate was the increasingly hard to manage Lechín, an action that prompted the defection from the MNR of Guevara Arze, who felt he had been stepped over.
[edit] Second and third Paz governments, 1960-64
The second Paz administration was plagued by violence, dissent, and continued hemorraghing of the original leadership. Of great importance during this period was the thorny issue of disarming the miners and workers' militias who had combatted in the 1952 Revolution and who had been for the most allowed to keep their weapons since. They had served as a useful counterbalance to the possibility of a conservative or military reassertion against the Revolution, but by 1960 were serving the interests of the party's caudillo-like leftist firebrand, vice-president Lechín. Of Marxist political persuasion, the latter opposed the disarming of the militias and the reconstitution of the traditional military, urged the passing of more far-reaching reforms, and obviously harbored ambitions of his own. Paz disagreed and, continuing the policies started by Siles, increasingly leaned on the "new" armed forces for support. This produced the inevitable final rift, and Lechín was expelled from the party prior to the 1964 elections.
Increasingly unable to control events, and considering himelf the only man who could keep the MNR coalition together, in 1964 Paz decided to amend the constitution to allow himself to run for re-election. Traditionally, attempts such as these (known as "prorroguismo") have been strongly condemned by the Bolivian political elites, many of whose members may have been waiting for their turn to occupy the presidential palace for years. This was no exception, and Paz's move ended up being his undoing. Furthermore, and to symbolize Paz's steady rightward drift, he chose the charismatic commander of the Bolivian Air Force, General René Barrientos, as his running mate. To be fair, Paz's increased reliance on the armed forces was to some extent influenced by Washington's constant demands that the military be fully reconstituted and equipped to fight possible Cuban-style Communist insurgencies. In any case, the Barrientos choice was a final act of folly, as Paz did not seem to have noticed the deep resentment of the outwardly loyal commanders of the "new, revolutionary" military toward the MNR's manipulation of the armed forces for political ends.
[edit] The 1964 coup d'etat and exile
On November 4, 1964, the MNR government was overthrown in a military coup led by vice-president René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía, commander of the army. Paz flew to a long exile abroad, bitter toward Barrientos' betrayal and unhappy that the "Revolution" had taken such a sad turn. It was not until 1982 (with minor and very temporary exceptions) that military rule ended. By this time Paz and Siles had split, with Siles supporting more leftist policies. Guevara, for his part, had supported Barrientos and served in his administration. In 1969 Barrientos died and new, populist military governments of progressive bend gained power in Bolivia (1971-72).
[edit] Support for Banzer and erosion of support (1971-78)
When the excesses of the left-leaning Torres military government (1970-71) became unbearable to most civilian elites of centrist and conservative persuasion, general Hugo Banzer took power with full support of the the largest political party in the country, Paz Estenssoro's MNR. This too was a move that would cost Paz and his party dearly in the years to come, especially in future elections. Paz was apparently under the impression that Banzer would rule for a year or two and then call elections (which he, of course, would win); none of this happened, as in 1974 the wily general broke with the MNR, exiled Paz, and proceeded to rule only with military support until 1978.
[edit] The turmoil of 1978-85
While Paz Estenssoro had tarnished his image by associating himself with the reviled Banzer dictatorship, Siles Zuazo was turning steadily to the left and gaining adherents at Paz's expense. When at long last elections were called in 1978, it was apparently Siles who won it (there were vast irregularities and the elections were annulled), with Paz getting only third place. It was a major decline from what the MNR's ahd been used to obtaining in the 1950s and early 1960s. Elections were re-scheduled for 1979, and when they took place Siles won again but this time Paz got second place. The elections again proved inconclusive, however, inasmuch as none of the candidates polled the required 50% of the vote to win direct election, and thus the outcome was to be decided by Congress. Partisan intransigences prevailed and the latter could not agree on any of the candidates, eventually settling on naming as provisionl President the head of the senate, Walter Guevara Arze, then in alliance with Paz's MNR. He was charged with calling elections again in 1980. Those elections reconfirmed Siles' victory and Paz's second place, but the military intervened rather than allow Siles (now associated with parties deemed to be from the "far left") to take office. General Luis García Meza grabbed the reigns of power in the bloody coup d'etat of July 17, 1980, and Paz once more flew to exile. In 1982, the beleaguered military finally left the Palacio Quemado and confirmed the results of the 1980 elections, making Siles president.
Paz's MNR opposed Siles on every front, as his administration plunged the country into a hyperinflationary spiral. In fact, this was Bolivia's most serious economic crisis in its history, one largely prompted by the collapse of international tin prices and the onset of the Latin American debt crisis. The gravity of the situation prompted Congress to prevail upon Siles to call early elections in 1985. Paz again came second (this time to former dictator Banzer) but was elected president by Congress since, as usual, none of the parties had attained the 50% threshold for direct election.
[edit] Fourth and last Paz presidency (1985-89)
The now-nearly octogenarian Paz began his fourth (and final) term as President in 1985. The economic situation was indeed dire, but Paz and his aides rose to the occasion. Through Decree 21060 important economic reforms designed to curb galloping hyperinflation (inherited from Siles) were instituted, the troublesome labor unions were repressed in order to reestablish government authority, and 30,000 miners were expunged from state payrolls (read: fired) to reduce the size of the government. The painful readjustment policies -- conducted to a large extent by Paz's vigorous Minister of Planning, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada -- came to be known as the New Economic Policy (NEP). The latter restructured the bulk of the hitherto-statist Bolivian economy and transformed it into a neoliberal, privatization-oriented one. It was some turnaround from the policies championed in the 1950s, but maybe that it was the times required, the earlier model having reached its exhaustion.
Paz Estenssoro finished his termed and finally retired from politics upon leaving office in 1989. He died on June 7, 2001 as his country's single most influential political figure in the 20th century, and perhaps ever.
[edit] External links
- (Spanish) Bolivian government profile of Paz Estenssoro
- Víctor Paz Estenssoro at CIDOB bio. (Spanish)
| Preceded by Hugo Ballivián |
President of Bolivia 1952–1956 |
Succeeded by Hernán Siles Zuazo |
| Preceded by Hernán Siles Zuazo |
President of Bolivia 1960–1964 |
Succeeded by Alfredo Ovando Candía |
| Preceded by Hernán Siles Zuazo |
President of Bolivia 1985–1989 |
Succeeded by Jaime Paz Zamora |
Estenssor, along with Villarroes and Zuazo appear together on postage stamps of Bolivia
