Unsolved problems in economics

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Some unsolved problems in economics include:

What is the proper size and scope of government? Where can government intervention improve on the market? Does a market failure necessarily mean that government intervention is warranted? Can intervention make things worse? If the government intervenes in a market, how should it intervene? To what extent is public ownership of assets and businesses warranted?
The Great Depression. What truly caused the Great Depression? Did one single event cause it? Was the United States the cause? What set the stage for it? See also: possible Causes of the Great Depression
The Equity premium puzzle. Can we explain the Equity Premium Puzzle? Why is it that observed average annual returns on stocks over the past century are higher, by approximately 6 percentage points, than returns on government bonds?
Futures contract model. Can we create an equivalent of Black-Scholes for futures contract pricing?
What is the microeconomic foundation of inflation? or How does inflation arise from individual agent decisions?.
Is the money supply endogenous? As mainstream economics claims, or Is it exogenous?, as Post-Keynesian economics claims.
How does price formation occur? Why do markets achieve Pareto efficiency?