United States presidential election, 1872
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In the U.S. presidential election of 1872, incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant, leaders of the Radical Republicans was easily elected to a second term in office despite a split within the Republican Party that resulted in a defection of many liberal Republicans to opponent Horace Greeley.
On November 29, 1872, after the popular vote but before the electoral college cast its votes, Greeley died. As a result, electors previously committed to Greeley voted for four different candidates for President, and eight different candidates for Vice President. Greeley himself received three posthumous electoral votes, but these votes were disallowed by Congress.
Henry Wilson, who was chosen by the Republicans to succeed Schuyler Colfax as Vice President, died on November 22, 1875.
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[edit] Nominations
[edit] Republican Party nomination
President Grant was unanimously renominated for a second term by the convention's 752 delegates. Vice President Colfax however narrowly missed renomination, garnering 322 delegates but falling short of Henry Wilson's 400.
The platform boasted of the party's achievements:
The Republican party of the United States, assembled in National Convention in the city of Philadelphia, on the 5th and 6th days of June, 1872, again declares its faith, appeals to its history, and announces its position upon the questions before the country: First. During eleven years of supremacy it has accepted with grand courage the solemn duties of the time. It suppressed a gigantic rebellion, emancipated four millions of slaves, decreed the equal citizenship of all, and established universal suffrage. Exhibiting unparalleled magnanimity, it criminally punished no man for political offenses, and warmly welcomed all who proved loyalty by obeying the laws and dealing justly with their neighbors. It has steadily decreased with firm hand the resultant disorders of a great war, and initiated a wise and humane policy toward the Indians. The Pacific railroad and similar vast enterprises have been generously aided and successfully conducted, the public lands freely given to actual settlers, immigration protected and encouraged, and a full acknowledgment of the naturalized citizens' rights secured from European Powers. A uniform national currency has been provided, repudiation frowned down, the national credit sustained under the most extraordinary burdens, and new bonds negotiated at lower rates. The revenues have been carefully collected and honestly applied. Despite large annual reductions of the rates of taxation, the public debt has been reduced during General Grant's Presidency at the rate of a hundred millions a year, great financial crises have been avoided, and peace and plenty prevail throughout the land. Menacing foreign difficulties have been peacefully and honorably composed, and the honor and power of the nation kept in high respect throughout the world. This glorious record of the past is the party's best pledge for the future. We believe the people will not in trust the Government to any party or combination of men composed chiefly of those who have resisted every step of this beneficent progress.
[edit] Liberal Republican Party nomination
An influential group of dissident Republicans split from the party to form the Liberal Republican Party, which nominated New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley for President and Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown for Vice President. The Liberal platform called for an end to the hatreds of Civil War and Reconstruction (sections 2 and 3), demanded civil service reform to curb corruption (section 5), and hedged on the tariff issue (section 6).
We, the Liberal Republicans of the United States in National Convention assembled at Cincinnati, proclaim the following principles as essential to just government.
- First: We recognize the equality of all men before the law, and hold that it is the duty of Government in its dealings with the people to mete out equal and exact justice to all of whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion, religious or political.
- Second: We pledge ourselves to maintain the union of these States, emancipation, and enfranchisement, and to oppose any re-opening of the questions settled by the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution.
- Third: We demand the immediate and absolute removal of all disabilities imposed on account of the Rebellion, which was finally subdued seven years ago, believing that universal amnesty will result in complete pacification in all sections of the country.
- Fourth: Local self-government, with impartial suffrage, will guard the rights of all citizens more securely than any centralized power. The public welfare requires the supremacy of the civil over the military authority, and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus. We demand for the individual the largest liberty consistent with public order; for the State, self-government, and for the nation a return to the methods of peace and the constitutional limitations of power.
- Fifth: The Civil Service of the Government has become a mere instrument of partisan tyranny and personal ambition and an object of selfish greed. It is a scandal and reproach upon free institutions and breeds a demoralization dangerous to the perpetuity of republican government. We therefore regard such thorough reforms of the Civil Service as one of the most pressing necessities of the hour; that honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only valid claim to public employment; that the offices of the Government cease to be a matter of arbitrary favoritism and patronage, and that public station become again a post of honor. To this end it is imperatively required that no President shall be a candidate for re-election.
- Sixth: We demand a system of Federal taxation which shall not unnecessarily interfere with the industry of the people, and which shall provide the means necessary to pay the expenses of the Government economically administered, the pensions, the interest on the public debt, and a moderate reduction annually of the principal thereof; and, recognizing that there are in our midst honest but irreconcilable differences of opinion with regard to the respective systems of Protection and Free Trade, we remit the discussion of the subject to the people in their Congress Districts, and to the decision of Congress thereon, wholly free of Executive interference or dictation.
- Seventh: The public credit must be sacredly maintained, and we denounce repudiation in every form and guise.
- Eighth: A speedy return to specie payment is demanded alike by the highest considerations of commercial morality and honest government.
- Ninth: We remember with gratitude the heroism and sacrifices of the soldiers and sailors of the Republic, and no act of ours shall ever detract from their justly-earned fame or the full reward of their patriotism.
- Tenth: We are opposed to all further grants of lands to railroads or other corporations. The public domain should be held sacred to actual settlers.
- Eleventh: We hold that it is the duty of the Government, in its intercourse with foreign nations to cultivate the friendship of peace, by treating with all on fair and equal terms, regarding it alike dishonorable either to demand what is not right, or to submit to what is wrong.
- Twelfth. For the promotion and success of these vital principles and the support of the candidates nominated by this Convention, we invite and cordially welcome the co-operation of all patriotic citizens, without regard to previous affiliations.
[edit] Democratic Party nomination
The Democratic Party also nominated the Greeley/Brown ticket.[1] Greeley received 686 of the 724 delegate votes cast, while Brown received 713. Accepting the Liberal platform meant the Democrats had accepted the New Departure, rejecting the anti-Reconstruction platform of 1868. They realized to win they had to look forward, and not try to refight the Civil War.[2] However Greeley's long reputation as the most aggressive attacker of the Democratic party, its principles, its leadership and its activists cooled enthusiasm for the nominee.
[edit] Other nominations
Victoria Woodhull became the first woman to be nominated for the Presidency, running on the platform of the Equal Rights Party. Her running mate was famed abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass. Woodhull was ineligible to be President on Inauguration Day, not because she was a woman—the Constitution and the law were silent on the issue—but because she would not reach the constitutionally prescribed minimum age of 35 until September 23, 1873. Woodhull and Douglass are not listed in “Election results” below, as the ticket received a negligible percentage of the popular vote and no electoral votes.
[edit] General election
[edit] Campaign
Grant's administration and his Radical supporters had been widely accused of corruption, and the Liberal Republicans demanded civil service reform and an end to the Reconstruction process including withdrawal of federal troops from the South. Both Liberal Republicans and Democrats were disappointed in their candidate Greeley. As wits asked, why turn out a knave just to replace him with a fool?[3] A poor campaigner with little political experience, Greeley's career as a newspaper editor gave his opponents a long history of eccentric public positions to attack. With memories of his victories in the Civil War to run on, Grant was unassailable.
[edit] Women's suffrage
This was the first election after the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. As such, protests for women's suffrage became more prevalent. In addition to the aforementioned nomination of Victoria Woodhull to the Presidency, several suffragettes would attempt to vote in the election. Susan B. Anthony was arrested and fined $100 for attempting to vote. Woodhull herself was in jail on Election Day for indecency.
[edit] Disputes
During the joint session of Congress for the counting of the electoral vote on February 12, 1873, numerous objections were raised to some of the results. However, unlike the objections which would be made in 1877, these had no impact on the outcome of the election.[4]
- The electoral votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected due to irregularities. Both states had voted for Grant.
- Three Georgia electors had voted for Greeley for President. Their votes for Greeley were rejected because Greeley was dead at the time the electors had cast their ballots. Their votes for B. Gratz Brown for Vice President were not affected.
- Protests were raised against the votes of Texas, of Mississippi, and of Mississippi elector J. J. Spellman. These electoral votes were ultimately accepted.
[edit] Results
| Presidential Candidate | Party | Home State | Popular Vote | Electoral Vote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Percentage | ||||
| Ulysses Simpson Grant | Republican | Ohio | 3,598,235 | 55.6% | 286 |
| Thomas Andrews Hendricks | Democratic | Indiana | —(a) | — | 42 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | Democratic/Liberal Republican | Missouri | —(a) | — | 18 |
| Charles J. Jenkins | Democratic | Georgia | —(a) | — | 2 |
| David Davis | Liberal Republican | Illinois | —(a) | — | 1 |
| Horace Greeley | Democratic/Liberal Republican | New York | 2,834,761 | 43.8% | —(b) |
| Charles O'Conor | Straight-out Democratic | New York | 18,602 | 0.3% | 0 |
| Other | 16,081 | 0.2% | 0 | ||
| Total | 6,467,679 | 100.0% | 349 | ||
| Needed to win | 175 | ||||
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1872 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 27, 2005).
Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005).
(a) These candidates received votes from Electors who were pledged to Horace Greeley.
(b) Horace Greeley received three electoral votes, but these votes were disqualified.
| Vice Presidential Candidate | Party | State | Electoral Vote |
|---|---|---|---|
| Henry Wilson | Republican | Massachusetts | 286 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | Democratic/Liberal Republican | Missouri | 47 |
| Alfred Holt Colquitt | Democratic | Georgia | 5 |
| George Washington Julian | Liberal Republican | Indiana | 5 |
| Thomas E. Bramlette | Democratic | Kentucky | 3 |
| John McAuley Palmer | Democratic | Illinois | 3 |
| Nathaniel Prentiss Banks | Liberal Republican | Massachusetts | 1 |
| William Slocum Groesbeck | Democratic/Liberal Republican | Ohio | 1 |
| Willis Benson Machen | Democratic | Kentucky | 1 |
| Charles Francis Adams, Sr. | Straight-out Democratic | Massachusetts | 0 |
| John Russell | Prohibition | Michigan | 0 |
| Total | 352 | ||
| Needed to win | 177 | ||
Source: Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005).
[edit] Breakdown by ticket
| Presidential Candidate | Running Mate | Electoral Vote(a) |
|---|---|---|
| Ulysses Simpson Grant | Henry Wilson | 286 |
| Thomas Andrews Hendricks | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 41 .. 42 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | Alfred Holt Colquitt | 5 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | George Washington Julian | 4 .. 5 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | Thomas E. Bramlette | 3 |
| Horace Greeley | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 3 (b) |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | John McAuley Palmer | 2 .. 3 |
| Charles J. Jenkins | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 2 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | Nathaniel Prentiss Banks | 1 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | Willis Benson Machen | 1 |
| Benjamin Gratz Brown | William Slocum Groesbeck | 0 .. 1 |
| David Davis | Benjamin Gratz Brown | 0 .. 1 |
| David Davis | William Slocum Groesbeck | 0 .. 1 |
| David Davis | George Washington Julian | 0 .. 1 |
| David Davis | John McAuley Palmer | 0 .. 1 |
| Thomas Andrews Hendricks | William Slocum Groesbeck | 0 .. 1 |
| Thomas Andrews Hendricks | George Washington Julian | 0 .. 1 |
| Thomas Andrews Hendricks | John McAuley Palmer | 0 .. 1 |
(a) Wikipedia's research has not yet been sufficient to determine the pairings of 4 electoral votes in Missouri; therefore, the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each.
(b) Greeley was disqualified, but the Brown vice-presidential votes were counted.
[edit] See also
- American election campaigns in the 19th Century
- History of the United States (1865–1918)
- Third Party System
- Reconstruction
[edit] Notes
- ^ (1872) Official Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention, Held at Baltimore, July 9, 1872. Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, Printers.
- ^ Dunning 198
- ^ Dunning 197
- ^ United States Congress (1873). Senate Journal, 42nd Congress, 3rd Session, February 12, 334–346. Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
[edit] Further reading
- (1956) Porter, Kirk H. and Johnson, Donald Bruce (ed.): National Party Platforms, 1840–1956.
- Blaine, James G. (1885). Twenty Years of Congress, vol. 2, 520–31.
- Dunning, William Archibald (1905). Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865-1877, ch. 12.
- Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896, vol. 7.
- Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1953). Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader.
[edit] External links
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