U and non-U English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| U | Non-U |
|---|---|
| Bike or Bicycle | Cycle |
| Dinner Jacket | Dress Suit |
| Knave | Jack (cards) |
| Vegetables | Greens |
| Ice | Ice Cream |
| Scent | Perfume |
| They've a very nice house. | They have a lovely home. |
| Ill (in bed) | Sick (in bed) |
| I was sick on the boat. | I was ill on the boat. |
| Looking-Glass | Mirror |
| Spectacles | Glasses |
| False Teeth | Dentures |
| Die | Pass on |
| Mad | Mental |
| Jam | Preserve |
| Napkin | Serviette |
| Lavatory or Loo | Toilet |
| Rich | Wealthy |
| What? | Pardon? |
U and non-U English usage, with U standing for upper class, and non-U representing the rest, were part of the terminology of popular discourse of social dialects (sociolects) in 1950s Britain and the northeast United States.
The debate was set in motion in 1954 by the British linguist Professor Alan S C Ross. He coined the terms U and non-U in an article on the difference that social class makes to English language usage, which was published in a relatively obscure professional journal (Ross 1954). His article covered differences of pronunciation and writing style, but it was his attention to differences of vocabulary that received the most attention.
The English author Nancy Mitford was alerted and immediately took up the usage in an essay, “The English Aristocracy” that was published by Stephen Spender in his magazine Encounter in 1954. Mitford provided a glossary of terms used by the upper-classes, some of which are in the table at right, unleashing an anxious national debate about English class-consciousness and snobbery, which involved a good deal of humourless soul-searching that itself provided fuel for the fires. The essay was reprinted, with contributions by Evelyn Waugh, John Betjeman and others, as well as Ross's original article, as Noblesse Oblige: an Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy in 1956. Betjeman's poem Phone for the fish-knives, Norman concluded the collection.
The U and non-U issue could have been taken lightheartedly, but at the time many took it very seriously. This was a reflection of the anxieties of the middle class in 1950s Britain, recently emerged from post-war austerities. In the meantime, the idea that one might "improve oneself" by adopting the culture and manner of one's "betters", instinctively assented to before World War II, was now greeted with resentment.
Refinements of language usage that identify the speaker are nothing new: see shibboleth, précieuses. Aristocrats are not the only social group that define themselves by linguistic usages that identify outsiders: compare U.S. ebonics and the Southern U.S. good ol' boy network. See also Street cred.
Both the terms and the ideas behind them were obsolete by the late 20th century, when, in the United Kingdom, reverse snobbery led younger members of the British upper and middle classes to adopt elements of working class speech. See: Estuary English.
[edit] References
- Ross, Alan Strode Campbell. 1954. U and non-U, an essay in sociological linguistics in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen.
- Mitford, Nancy (ed.). 1956. Noblesse oblige. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-19-860520-X.
- Buckle, Richard (ed.). 1978. U and Non-U Revisited. London: Debrett.
- John Betjeman's How to get on in society or Phone for the fish-knives, Norman
