Tzippori

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Tzippori (Hebrew: ציפורי), also known by the Greek Sepphoris, and the Arabic Saffuriya (Arabic: صفورية‎) or Suffurriye, ^[1] is the site of one of the oldest Jewish communities to be uncovered by archaeologists, and one of the richest in what has been found there ^{[citation needed]}. Located in the central Galilee region, some 6km NNW of Nazareth, it is the site of a rich and diverse historical and architectural legacy that includes Assyrian, Hellenistic, Judean, Babylonian, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Crusader, Arabic and Ottoman influences.

Additional interest on the part of Biblical archaeologists is related to the belief in Christian tradition that the parents of the Virgin Mary, Anna and Joachim, were natives of Sepphoris, which at the time was a Hellenized town. ^[2]

Other notable structures include a Roman theater, two early Christian Churches, a Crusader fortress that was renovated by Daher El-Omar in the 18th century, and some 40 mosaics.

Safurriya was one of more than 400 Palestinian villages that were destroyed before, during, and after the 1948 war. It was a town of roughly 4,500 predominantly Palestinian Arab and Muslim inhabitants who owned some 41,748 dunams of the 55,748 dunams in the town, with the remainder constituting public land. Most of the village homes were destroyed in Operation Dekel, and pine trees were subsequently planted by the Jewish National Fund (JNF). ^[3]

A collective farming community was established by Israel at the site in 1949. In 1992, Tzippori was designated a national park and is a popular destination among tour groups.

Today's modern Israeli moshav of Tzippori sits near the archaeological site. While many of the former Palestinian residents of Saffuriya fled to Lebanon or further afield, some are now citizens of the state of Israel ^[4], and are largely concentrated in the al-Safafira quarter of the nearby town of Nazareth.

Contents 1 History 2 Archaeological Sites and Finds 3 References 4 See also 5 External links

[edit] History

Although the date of the city's establishment is a point of some dispute, it is at least as old as the 7th century BCE, when it is fortified by the Assyrians, subsequently serving as an administrative center in the region under Babylonian, Hellenistic and Persian rule. Throughout this time period, the city was known as Sepphoris.

In 104 BCE, Hasmonean tribes that had taken over much of the region laid claim to the city under the leadership of either Alexander Jannaeus or Aristobulus I. ^[5] The city was called Tzippori and may have derived from the Hebrew word for 'bird,' tsippor, perhaps because of the birds'-eye-view the hilltop provides.

The Hasmonean Kingdom was divided into five districts by the Roman pro-consul Gabinius and Sepphoris came under the direct rule of the Romans in the year 37 BCE, when Herod the Great captured the city from Mattathaias Antigonus reportedly at the height of a snowstorm. ^[6]

After Herod's death in 4 BCE, the city's largely Jewish inhabitants organized riots against Roman rule. The Roman army moved in, under the command the Roman Governor in Syria, Varus. The Roman army completely destroyed the city and sold many of its inhabitants into slavery. ^[7]

Herod's son, Herod Antipas was made Tetrarch, or governor in 1 CE, and he proclaimed the city's new name, Autocratis, or the "Ornament of the Galilee." ^[8]

Autocratis' inhabitants did not join the resistance against Roman rule in the First Jewish Revolt of 66. They had signed a pact with the Roman army and opened the gates of the city to the Roman general Vespasian upon his arrival in 67. ^[9] They were rewarded by having their city, like Tiberias, spared from the destruction that many other Jewish cities, including Jerusalem suffered.

Coins minted in the city at the time of the First Revolt carried the inscription Neronias and Eirenopolis, "City of Peace." After the revolt, symbology used on the coins was little different from other surrounding pagan city coins with depictions of laurel wreaths, palm trees, caduceus, and ears of barley. ^[10]

Just prior to the Bar Kokhba revolt, the city's name was changed yet again to Diocaesarea. Following the Bar Kokhba revolt in 132–135, many Jewish refugees moved to Diocaesarea, making it the center of religious and spiritual life in the Galilee. Within the next few centuries, Diocaesarea also saw Rabbi Yehuda Hanasi, one of the writers of the Mishnah, a commentary on the Torah, join its community, and the moving, temporarily, of the Sanhedrin, the chief Jewish religious court, there. Jewish academies became based there, and Diocaeserea so named in honor of Zeus and the Roman Emperor, became not only a center of spiritual and religious study, but also a busy trade route town.

In 363, Diocaesarea was destroyed by an earthquake, but rebuilt soon afterwards, retaining its importance in the greater Jewish community of the Galilee, both socially and spiritually. Jews and pagan Romans lived peacefully alongside one another during the Byzantine period, and the city welcomed a number of Christians, as well.

In the 7th century, the city was incoporated into the expanding Umayyad dynasty, and al-jund coins were minted out of by the new rulers. ^[11] Umayyad rule was replaced by Abbasid rule, and Arab and Islamic dynasties continued to control the city, with a brief interlude during the Crusades, up until its conquest by Israel in the war of 1948. Throughout this period of time, the city was known by the Arabicized name of the Greek original, i.e. Saffuriya.

In the 14 centuries between the rule of Herod of Antipas and that of the Ottoman empire, the city reportedly thrived as a center of learning, with a diverse, multiethnic and mutlireligious population of some 30,000 living in relatively peaceful coexistence. ^[12]

The early 12th century brought the Crusaders to Palestine. They built a fortress and watchtower atop the hill, overlooking Saffuriya, and dedicated it to Anne and Joachim, the parents of the Virgin Mary. This became one of their local bases and they renamed the city La Sephorie. In 1187, the Crusaders were dispatched from La Sephorie to fight the Battle of Hattin, against Saladin. They were defeated at Hattin, and the Third Crusade ultimately failed as a whole.

After the defeat of the Crusaders by Saladin, the Ayyubid Sultan renamed the city Saffuriya. In the 15th century, Saffuriya came under the control of the Ottomans.

Though it lost its centrality and importance as a cultural center, the village thrived agriculturally. Even among Palestinians today, the villagers of Saffuriya remain famous for high quality pomegranate and molokhia (a local edible green used to make a kind of stew with chicken) cultivation.

In summer of 1931, archaeologist Leroy Waterman, began the first excavations at Saffuriya, having procured permission from Arab villagers to dig in part of the school's playground which had been converted of the old Crusader fortress for that purpose. ^[13]

In the lead up to the Israeli War of Independence by which Israel was established, the village of Saffuriyya was emptied of its inhabitants by Israeli milita forces in Operation Dekel. Most became refugees, many of whom settled in the nearby town of Nazareth in a quarter now known as the al-Safafira quarter because of the high number refugees from Saffuriya concentrated there. The neighbourhood is only a few kilometers from the site of their former homes, but the Israeli government has resisted attempts to repatriate or compensate them for the homes and lands that they lost. A new Jewish farming collective was established in 1948, and the town was renamed Tzippori. Archaeological research began in force there in 1990, and excavations continue.

[edit] Archaeological Sites and Finds

The Crusader fortress sits high atop the hill, overlooking both the Roman theater and the majority of the Jewish city. It was built in the 12th century, using Roman elements, and was rebuilt by the Ottomans in the 18th century, and then converted into a girls' school, and used for this purpose until 1948. Today the fortress houses a small museum, and provides a beautiful view of the surrounding area from its rooftop.

Much of the town itself has been excavated, revealing Jewish homes along a main cobblestone street. Several images have been found carved into the stones of the street, including that of a menorah, and another image that resembles some ancient game reminiscent of tic-tac-toe. Mikva'ot (pl. of Mikvah ), or Jewish ritual baths, have been found as well, identified by the steps leading to the bottom, carved out of the earth along with the rest of the bath.

The Roman theater sits on the northern slope of the hill, and is about 45 m in diameter, seating 4500. Most of it is carved into the hillside, but some parts are supported by separate stone pillars. The theater shows evidence of ancient damage, probably from the earthquake in 363, but also quite possibly from the Arab conquest.

The remains of a 6th century synagogue have been uncovered in the lower section of the city, evidence of an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor is a mosaic depicting the zodiac wheel. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains.

A modern structure stands to one side of the excavations, protecting the remains of a 5th century public building, with a large and intricate mosaic floor. Some believe the room was used for festival rituals involving a celebration of water, and possibly covering the floor in water. Drainage channels have been found in the floor, and the majority of the mosaic seems devoted to measuring the floods of the Nile, and celebrations of those floods.

Finally, a Roman villa is arguably the centerpiece of the discoveries, containing one of the most famous mosaics in all of Israel. It was built around the year 200, and destroyed in the earthquake in 363. The villa is in the traditional form of a triclinium; seats would have been arranged in a U-shape around the mosaic, Roman villa mosaic floor and people would have reclined while dining and drinking, talking and contemplating the mosaic images. The mosaic, for the most part, is devoted to Dionysus, god of wine, and of socializing. He is seen along with Pan and Hercules in several of the 15 panels.

The centerpiece of the mosaic floor, however, at least for the archaeologists, is an image of a young lady, possibly meant to be Venus, which the researchers have dubbed "The Mona Lisa of the Galilee." Smaller mosaic pieces, called tesserae, were used to allow for greater detail and a more life-like result. The image is certainly more life-like, and more detailed (as in the shading and blush of her cheeks) than most expect mosaics to be.

[edit] References

1. ^ Leroy Waterman (1931). Sepphoris, Israel. The Kelsey Online.
2. ^ Mariam Shahin (2005). Palestine: A Guide. Interlink Books: Northhampton, Massachusetts.
3. ^ [www.palestineremembered.com Saffuriya: District of Nazareth]. PalestineRemembered. Retrieved on July 3, 2006.
4. ^ Email from Saffuriya. The Guardian Online. Retrieved on October 5, 2006.
5. ^ Sepphoris. Virtual Religion Network.
6. ^ Zippori. The Department for Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved on July 3, 2006.
7. ^ Zippori. The Department for Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved on July 3, 2006.
8. ^ Diocaesarea. York University, Canada.
9. ^ Zippori. The Department for Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved on July 3, 2006.
10. ^ Diocaesarea. York University, Canada.
11. ^ Melissa M. Aubin (2000). The Changing Landscape of Byzantine Sepphoris. ASOR Publications.
12. ^ Kathryn M. Duda (1998). Interpreting an Ancient Mosaic. Carnegie Magazine Online.
13. ^ Leroy Waterman (1931). Sepphoris, Israel. The Kelsey Online.

[edit] See also

• List of villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war

[edit] External links

• "[1]." Web site of the Zippori excavation project led by Prof. Zeev Weiss of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
• "[2]." Palestine Remembered.com
• "Zippori." Hillel International. (Accessed 12 Jan 2005).
• "Zippori." Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (Accessed 9 February 2005)
• "Zippori." Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (Accessed 4 May 2006)
• "Tzippori." Jewish Agency for Israel/Education Dept. (Accessed 9 February 2005)
• PBS Frontline: The Surprises of Sepphoris