TZ250
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
TZ250 is a hand-built racing motorcycle developed by Yamaha Motor Corporation with a two stroke V-twin engine.
Expanded from: http://www.tz250racing.com/history_of_the_tz250_2.php
With the success of Kenny Roberts and the 500cc GP machines of the late 1970's, Yamaha had found itself in a position to capitalize on the wealth of technology they had accumulated developing their championship winning bikes. Unlike the 500cc bikes however, Yamaha's existing 250cc designs had been unreliable and flawed, requiring new pistons after every race and large sums of money for the expensive parts and services needed to keep them running fast.
In 1981 Yamaha was ready to introduce an all new TZ250. Known as the TZ250H, this design incorporated the powervalves found on the 500, providing more of a sensible balance between power and reliability. The new engine ran backwards from the previous design, helping even further in reliability. The single casting crankcase was replaced with left and right case halves and power was then tapped from the center of the engine. This design yielded a lower piston speed resulting in less bottom end problems. The powervalves employed a mechanical-governor design which kept them closed up to 8,750 rpm, opening fully by 11,000 rpm. This allowed a free flow of all exhaust gasses.
Carburetion was updated with new Mikuni ZC units. The new TZ frame was 6.5 pounds lighter, with the engine positioned slightly forward of previous designs. A new rear shock and reduced rake angle added to the TZ's improved ride. Wire wheels were offered for the first time since the mid 1970's.
This new TZ was expensive but well worth it for GP Racers. By the end of the 1981 season, the new machine proved to be very comparable the championship winning KR250 Kawasaki. Quite a leap compared to what had been.
Through continued trials and errors Yamaha continued this basic design for several years and by 1983 Kawasaki had abandoned its KR250 program, pulling out of 250GP racing altogether.
1984 saw the release of the TZ250L. This design moved the engine further even still, placing more weight on the front wheel. To prevent tank slapping, the swingarm and wheelbase was legnthened 40mm. Electrically driven powervalves and rejetted carbs improved performance considerably, putting out over 60HP. Again the cost of the new TZ went up.
Kenny Roberts now was running his own 250 race team, introducing Wayne Rainey to his first taste of World GP. Yamaha had taken notice of several deficiencies in the L model and had been supplying Team Roberts with special kits to keep their bikes competitive. The kits failed miserably.
A former racer named Hans Hummell, however, had been designing his own TZ cylinders with great success. The Hummell cylinders used no powervalves. Another designer named Harold Bartol had also been having success with his own cylinders. These featured reed valves and were tested by the Roberts team, although not actually raced. Kenny Roberts had also been experimenting with twin-spar aluminum frame designs. Such designs were beginning to appear on some Suzuki 500's from Italy along with some Rotax bikes. These new frame designs were visions of what was to come for all 250 machines.
1984 marked the last time a Yamaha 250 was to win the World Championship in the 1980's.
Honda began releasing their all new RS250 in 1985. This bike was the TZ's undoing. With 70HP and its own twin-spar aluminum frame, the RS250 proved to be a far better design. Yamaha had seen this coming and in the TZ250N had attempted to match the call. The design once again failed miserably. The N model utilized reeds which proved too small and too heavy. Cylinder redesigns also proved themselves flawed and the TZ250N seemed rather lethargic. New exhaust and carburetion failed to help. Minor suspension upgrades were far from adequate to compensate for the poor performance of the engine.
Through 1985 both Honda and Rotax began mopping the track with the TZ's. Freddie Spencer on his RS250 only making matters more obvious.
By 1986 Yamaha saw the need to address some serious problems in the TZ. Several successful TZ racers over the previous 2 seasons had been experimenting with V-Twin powerplants. Yamaha took notice and the result was a new approach. Both the powerplant and frame were reworked. The monoshock rear suspension was replaced with a single rising-rate unit. The new aluminum delta box frame was refined for the monoshock suspension. Reed valves were changed from 4 to 6 petals. The new V-twin engine was essentially a V-4 from the YZR500 sliced length-wise down the middle. 2 35mm flat slide Mikunis were now used. This new bike was to be known as the YZR250. As a full factory machine, Yamaha now regained the ability to at least contend for the 250 Championship. Not to be outdone, Honda had just introduced the NSR250. A lighter, more powerful version of the RS250. Things were going to heat up.
The YZR250 seemed to be a definite improvement. However, several problems were found to be rather troublesome. The new bike was extremely difficult to start. Most top racers on the Yamaha found themselves at the back of the pack starting races, leaving them to use the improved power and handling of their machines to work their way to the leaders near the end of a race. Although this made for exciting racing, it was not the preferred modus operandi.
The TZ250T would remain a parallel twin for 1987, but with some significant improvements. The T Model featured improved carburetion, larger reeds and a new exhaust. Carburetors were still rearward facing with the exhaust leaving through the front of the cylinder bank. For the YZR250, however, only the ignition and starting issues received attention. As a result, the Hondas still outperformed the Yamahas.
Through a series of arguments and studies, 1988 saw the introduction of an entirely different parallel twin, the TZ250U. Both Cylinders were turned 180 degrees. The exhaust now shot straight out to the rear, with the carburetors poking out on the front. This design gave a cooler intake charge and moved the balance of the engine further forward and lower to the ground. A single casting crankcase was used. Yamaha decided to leave the chassis alone, with very few exceptions. This new TZ received a comparatively warm welcome from racers around the world. Although far from perfect, it seemed a fresh change and a glimmer of hope for Yamaha.
1989 saw the TZ250W make its debut, improving on the successes of the U model and addressing some minor issues. Better brakes, servo-driven power jets and internal strengthening of engine components.
This new design proved better than the RS250, but on World GP levels the battle was still being fought between the Honda NSR and the YZR250.
By 1990 the YZR had distinguished itself clearly from the parallel-twin TZ. Luca Cadalora, Alex Criville and now John Kocinski were proving the merits of the YZR design. With both factory and non factory "tweaks" being implemented on these GP machines, there was much to be learned. The YZR had finally proven itself in GP racing by upsetting the domination that Honda had enjoyed for several seasons.
Although the writing seemed to be on the wall, Yamaha still kept the parallel twin TZ for 1990. The TZ250A enjoyed a smaller crankcase and a more robust water pump. There were a few new issues, such as vibration problems and motor mount cracking, but on the whole the A model was a popular design. The A model proved to be a competitive machine, winning the Isle of Mann race at an average of 115mph. Nonetheless, with the success of the YZR, Yamaha had to make a decision. The TZ was becoming rather expensive to build and although it was popular, there were drawbacks to producing two completely different powerplants for what was essentially the same chassis. By the end of the year it was decided to join the two programs and share production costs. In this way the TZ would not only be less expensive for the privateer racer, but both bikes could become more focused machines.
1991 was perhaps the real beginning of a new era for the TZ250. Utilizing the proven designs of the YZR and the practical aspects of the previous TZ, Yamaha produced what was to be a groundbreaking motorcycle. Essentially a revamped TZR250, the TZ250B reintroduced the V-twin, offering a narrower engine and producing power much more smoothly than its parallel twin predecessor. Guillotine exhaust valves and 38mm Mikuni flat slide carburetors were carried over from the previous TZ. Better cooling along with redesigned intake and exhaust ports were applied. A counter balancer was now used with this V Twin. These changes produced an engine with much better mid-range power but less top-end than the A model.
The new design was somewhat groundbreaking. The engine was now an integral part of the entire chassis. Front fork tubes were now upside down. The swingarm received major modifications, including the upwards curve on one side to clear the lower cylinder's expansion chamber. The rear wheel was widened to 5.25". This new TZ saw a healthy showing in US and British racing. In World GP however, the YRZ250 was having a tough time holding off the Aprilias and NSRs.
1992 saw the release of the TZ250D and the final major step in the evolution of what most consider the modern TZ250.
Modifications to the D model included a major redesign of the rear suspension. The subframe now served nothing more than to support the rider. More tunability in the front forks, along with port changes in the cylinders added to the success of this model. With these revisions, the TZ250D was once again highly popular with Privateer racers in the US and UK. Not to anyone's surprise, the 1992 Isle of Mann TT race was won by a D model TZ250.
The 1993 TZ250E offered minor updates to the D model. A wider front wheel, re-mapped ignition and cylinder port updates kept the bike up to date. Brembo cast brake rotors were now used.
With what seemed almost impossible odds, Tatsuyo Harada shook up the GP scene by winning the 1993 250 World GP Championship on a Yamaha TZ250-M. A works bike that was now much more similar to the TZ250 than any other previous YZR.
For 1994 Yamaha remapped the ignition curves, introduced a thinner gas tank and updated the cylinder ports. The bodywork got a slight streamlining and the rear subframe was now detachable. Rear wheel width was widened again, checking in at 5.5". These minor changes made a big difference on the track. The new ignition maps gave more grunt when needed and resulted in a much more responsive TZ.
1995 saw the TZ get a few minor updates. Shortened Carbs, modified port timing and redesigned chambers. The exhaust canisters were lengthened and the ignition now had an additional map.
Yamaha tried a few new major changes in 1996 with the introduction of a slightly redesigned frame and fairing. Fresh air intakes were routed to the two unsealed airboxes from intake ports along the leading edges of the upper fairing. Chassis updates included rake/trail, fork hardware and Marchesini (magnesium) wheels with an increased front and rear axle diameter. The ignition was once again remapped. Frame construction was changed, with an extra aluminum sheet welded to the steering head/spar joint area, and a large cast rear section frame section added to replace the built-up construction of the 1995 and earlier models. The swingarm was lengthened slightly by moving the axle slot rearward. A curved radiator was fitted. The pipes, cylinders, heads, and ignition were improved while the crank and cases were unaltered. Cylinder ports were beefed up a bit to prevent stress cracks as was a common problem for previous models. A toe guard was added to the swingarm. Rearsets were altered to become interchangeable side to side. The cast top triple clamp was replaced by a nice machined piece. Larger front rotors were fitted, with calipers unchanged.
Due to poor reviews on handling, Yamaha changed the chassis setup back to 1995 specs for the 1997 TZ250, with the exception of the longer swingarm which was retained from the 1996 model. This was the first year of an TZ set up to run on unleaded fuel, as mandated by the FIM. As such, the ignition, heads, and pipes were modified from the 1996 model. The squish band to piston clearance was increased, compression dropped, and the shape of the combustion chamber was changed. Cylinders were unchanged. The bike's geometry was changed back to 1995 specs, Many riders changed the heads and ignition back to 1996 specs in areas using leaded fuel. The 1997 kit ignition is said to be very similar in timing and advance to the 1996 stock ignition.
1998 was the first year for the ram air/sealed airbox intake. Bodywork was again changed, and the famous TZ droop tail was added. Crank, cases, heads, and ignition carried forward. Pipes and cylinders were again changed. The carbs were new, with the old modified flat slide replaced by an oval slide, and the powerjet solenoid moved to the carb body. A fuel pump and small battery were added, as required by the pressurized induction. The rear brake fluid reservoir mounting was moved from the subframe to a cutout in the main frame.
The 1999 model year brought no changes to the TZ, these would have to wait a year.
2000 was the year that the TZ finally abandoned its old TZR-based engine cases in favor of a fresh new design. The new cases were sand-cast, with many riders experiencing much shorter case life. The 2000 crank was changed to a square 54x54mm configuration, with corresponding changes to the cylinders, heads, pistons, ignition, and pipes. The body work was identical to the 98/99 models, while the frame, being outwardly similar, was in fact modified to take advantage of the smaller crankcase. The radiator was identical to earlier the 1996+ models, with new hose routing. The temperature and RPM gauges were combined into a single unit, and the old bourdon tube water temperature sensor was replaced with an electronic pickup. A radial master cylinder was fitted, although the 4-pot Nissin calipers were identical to the 1989+ bikes.
2001 brought modifications to the cases, aimed at resolving the reliability issues reported in the 2000 cases.
New bodywork in 2002 was very similar to the factory-supported MotoGP bikes. The 2002 air intakes were now both high on the front fairing on either side of the number plate and radial calipers were fitted to modified front forks.
The TZ has continued in its slow evolution and every year sees a faster more refined machine.
