Type design
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Type design is the art of designing typefaces. Although the technology of printing text using movable type was invented in China, and despite the esteem which calligraphy held in that civilization, the vast number of Chinese characters meant that few distinctive, complete fonts could be afforded by Chinese printers. The applied art of designing pieces of type thus became primarily a Western practise whose market increased with the coming of mass advertisement and steam-powered printing in the nineteenth century. With the advent of desktop publishing (and internet web pages, which use different technologies), the marketplace has demanded ever more varied typefaces merely for the purposes of variety to get the customers' attention. Finally, the ease of this new technology has resulted in the hobby or money-saving option of amateur type design.
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[edit] Type foundry design procedure
For many centuries, creating type started with cutting punches, which acted as the masters. The material that was cut formed a prototype of the character from which type was cast by various means from an alloy usually containing lead. Type design accounted for the limitations of the printing process, such as the splashing properties of ink or the wear on the type itself. In many countries, though not the United States of America, type design could be copyrighted typeface by typeface. The USA offered (and offers) design patents as an option for typeface design protection.
For the American Type Founders Corporation, and a few others using their technology, each character was drawn in a very large size, over a foot (~30 cm) high. The outline was then traced by a Benton pantograph-based engraving machine with a pointer at the hand-held vertex and a cutting tool at the opposite vertex down to a size usually less than a quarter-inch (~6 mm). The pantographic engraver was first used to cut punches, and later to directly create matrices.
[edit] Computerized design process
With the coming of computers, especially those on artists' desktops, type design eventually became a subdivision of computer graphics, employing a drafting program of some sort. Each character design can be traced by a stylus on a digitizing board, or modified from a scanned drawing of somewhat smaller size than that once used for the pantograph, or composed entirely within the computer graphics program itself. Each character is then made into a digitized form to be reconstructed within the graphics display program of a display screen or printer. The copyrights were extended to this method, but have developed the caveat that a given digitization of a typeface can all too easily be modified by another type designer so as not to pay for the use of the typeface. Hence the copyright of the original typeface now includes all incidental alterations.
[edit] Principles of type design
Regardless of the method used to specify type design, characters of different sizes have slightly different shapes for improved clarity and, above all, artistic consistency. There are many subtleties of shape so that no character looks too small or large.
[edit] As a profession
Type design is performed by a type designer. Although recently there have been many amateur typefaces available on CDs in batches of hundreds, type design remains an artistic profession of applied art comparable with architecture.
[edit] Type design as an industrial art
In fact, with architecture, type design is one of the arts which the concept of postmodernism best figures. The "modern" period of type design was the mid-twentieth century, during which sans-serif typefaces were supposed to be superior to all others due to their stark rationality. But later, scientific study revealed that people could read serif typefaces faster and with greater accuracy. Suddenly, in the 1960s, professional typefaces started to appear that were not intended to be supremely readable, just in a style that was fashionable. The best example is Aldo Novarese's 1971 typeface named Stop, which was used in various science fiction movies in the 1970s.
[edit] External links
- Typophile
- Typographica - A typography news blog.
- Fontforge - free type design software
- SOTA - The Society of Typographic Aficionados (SOTA).
- TDC - Type Directors Club: An international organization for those devoted to excellence in typography.
- ATypI - the international typographic association (Association Typographique Internationale, ATypI: An international organization devoted to type design and typographic excellence.
