Turkish folk music
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Turkish folk music (Türk Halk Müziği) has combined the distinct cultural values of all those civilisations which have lived in Anatolia and the Ottoman territories in Europe and Asia. It is a unique structure which includes regional differences under one umbrella, giving rise to a wealth and variety the like of which can seldom be seen anywhere else in the world. Despite that wide variety from the point of view of regional characteristics, Turkish folk music can broadly be classified into the following seven regional categories:
One must nevertheless bear in mind, of course, that there may well be important differences between cities or areas within the same region.
Contents |
[edit] Varieties of style, scales, and rhythm
Music accompanied by words can be classified under the following headings: Türkü (folksongs), Koşma (free-form folk songs about love or nature), Semai (folk song ın Semai poetic form), Mani (a traditional Turkish quatrain form), Destan (epic), Deyiş (speech), Uzun Hava (long melody), Bozlak (a folk song form), Ağıt (a lament), Hoyrat, Maya (a variety of Turkish folksong), Boğaz Havası (throat tune), Teke Zorlatması, Ninni (lullaby), Tekerleme (a playful form in folk narrative), etc. These are divided into free-forms or improvisations with no obligatory metrical or rhythmic form, known as "Uzun Hava", and those which have a set metrical or rhythmic structure, known as "Kırık Havalar" (broken melodies). Both can also be employed at the same time.
Music generally played without words, and dance tunes, go by the names Halay, Bengi, Karşılama, Zeybek, Horon, Bar, etc.
[edit] Scales
Although Turkish folk music melodies possess the same note and scale modules as traditional Ottoman Classical Music, the melodies known as makam (similar to the medieval concept of mode) in Turkish folk music can be known by different names depending on the region, such as: Beşiri, Garip, Kerem, Misket, and Müstezad.
[edit] Time signatures
A wide variety of time signatures are used in Turkish folk music. In addition to simple ones such as 2/4, 4/4 and 3/4, others such as 5/8, 7/8, 9/8, 7/4, and 5/4 are common. Combinations of several basic rhythms often results in longer, complex rhythms that fit into time signatures such as 8/8, 10/8, and 12/8.
[edit] Instruments
[edit] Stringed instruments
Plucked stringed instruments include the lute-like saz, bağlama, and tar, and the dulcimer-like kanun (also sometimes hammered). Bowed stringed instruments include the kabak kemane and karadeniz kemençesi.
[edit] Wind instruments
Woodwind instruments include the double-reed, shawm-like zurna, the single reed, clarinet-like sipsi, the single-reed twin-piped çifte, the end-blown flutes kaval and ney, and the droneless bagpipe, the tulum. An old shepherd's instrument, made from an eagle's wing bone, was the çığırtma.
[edit] Percussion instruments
Percussion instruments include drums – davul and nağara – the tambourine-like tef, and the spoons-like kaşık.
[edit] Uses of music
Melodies of differing types and styles have been created by the people in various spheres and stages of life, joyful or sad, from birth to death. Minstrels, accompanying themselves on the saz, played a most important role in the development and spread of Turkish folk music.
[edit] Samples
- "Tanridan diledim", an example of folk music from Erzincan. (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- A folk song native to Erzincan
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
- "Elif Türküsü" (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- An example of Turkish folk music from Selanik(now Thessaloniki in Greece)
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
- "The Misket" played by Nida Tüfekçi (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- A folk song native to Ankara
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
- "Ağır Zeybek" - An Aegean folk song (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- A good example of saz playing
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
- "Çiftetelli" (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- An example of Istanbul folk music
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
- "Canım Memleket" (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- An example of Pontic folk music
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
- "The song of the Sema" (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- An example of Mevlevi music
- Problems listening to the file? See media help.
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources and external links
- Folk/Local Music at the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism website
- Musical instruments of Turkey — from All about Turkey
- TIKA music
