Tuolumne River
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The Tuolumne River is one of the major rivers draining the western slope Sierra Nevada mountains of California. It is the slightly larger northern neighbor of the Merced River; both originate in Yosemite National Park. Through successive Ice ages, glaciers carved valleys for both the Merced River and the Tuolumne River through what is now Yosemite National Park.
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[edit] Course through Sierra Nevada
From its headwaters at 13,114 feet (3,997 m) above sea level at Mount Lyell (), the Tuolumne River runs as a somewhat wavy line from east to west, its waters eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean via the San Joaquin Delta and the San Francisco Bay. The Dana Fork of the Tuolomne River flows from Mount Dana and meets the Lyell Fork descending from Mount Lyell in Tuolumne Meadows, just west of the Sierra Nevada's main divide. As it runs west, though, its course deepens markedly as it drops over the first of a string of many waterfalls.
Glen Aulin (Gaelic: beautiful valley) lies immediately below the confluence of Cold Canyon, Conness Creek, and the Tuolumne River. Here, the valley walls pull away from each other and become steeper. The riverbed is quite level; the water meanders and forms deep pools. Just northwest of Glen Aulin, the River presents spectacular waterfalls, including LeConte Falls and Waterwheel Falls, both known for the "waterwheel" phenomenon whereby descending water hits rocks below and wheels back upward.
At this point, the Tuolumne enters the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne. This canyon is a deep, roughly 'V'-shaped gorge. The walls, not as steep and bare as those of Yosemite Valley, are sculpted in an almost Baroque richness of form. The flora of the valley bottom is a haphazard melange of chaparral, manzanita scrub and oak woodland characteristic of the foothills and lowlands with a coniferous forest reminiscent of (but different from) that found above the canyon rim. This vegetation clings and clambers up every ledge of the valley walls to the top, giving it a lusher appearance than Yosemite Valley, though this area in fact experiences a drier climate.
Below the Grand Canyon lies Hetch Hetchy Valley, perhaps the most spectacular part of the Tuolumne's course. The river bottom becomes flat again, and the canyon walls pull away and become steeper, in a fashion similar to that of Yosemite Valley. At the bottom of Hetch Hetchy Valley stands O'Shaughnessy Dam, which causes the entire valley to be flooded. Below the dam, the river flows through the Stanislaus National Forest, within which it is joined by Cherry Creek, the South Fork of the Tuolumne River, and the Middle Fork of the Tuolumne River. Far below the town of Groveland, the river is designated Wild and Scenic. This portion is popular for rafting and kayaking and is joined by the Clavey River.
[edit] Course through the foothills of the Sierra Nevada
Still farther downstream lie Don Pedro Dam and Lake Don Pedro. These reservoirs provide electricity and divert water to serve farms in the Modesto Irrigation District and Turlock Irrigation District, and cities in the San Francisco Bay Area.
[edit] Course through the Central Valley
Towns along the Tuolumne River:
Cities along the Tuolumne River:
The Modesto Airport lies next to the Tuolumne River. Between the airport and the river lies Veterans' Park. This park is the site of the annual Trans-Valley League high-school cross country running meet.
[edit] History
The Native Americans along the Tuolumne were the Paiutes and Miwoks. The Miwoks lived along the western part of the Tuolumne from Big Oak Flat down to the valley floor, while the Paiutes camped primarily east of that point towards the high Sierra Nevada. The Washoe Indians also visited the area.
