Tuoba
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| Sixteen Kingdoms. |
|---|
| 16 Kingdoms |
| Cheng Han |
| Han Zhao |
| Later Zhao |
| Former Liang |
| Later Liang |
| Western Liang |
| Northern Liang |
| Southern Liang |
| Former Qin |
| Later Qin |
| Western Qin |
| Former Yan |
| Later Yan |
| Northern Yan |
| Southern Yan |
| Xia |
| Not included in the 16 Kingdoms |
| Ran Wei |
| Western Shu |
| Western Yan |
| Duan |
| Yuwen |
| Chouchi |
| Wei (Dingling) |
| Dai |
| Huan Chu |
Tuoba (拓拔; pinyin Tuòbá) or T'o-pa in Wade-Giles was a clan of the Xianbei people. Some scholars regard them as a proto-Mongolic ethnic group. They established the State of Dai and the Northern Wei Dynasty. The name was originally Tabgach, as attested in the Orhun inscriptions in the Gokturk language. It most likely meant "earth-origined" (as in toprak), or "round" (as in Topkapi) in Turkish. The Chinese surname Yuan, later adopted by the Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei to replace Tuoba, approximates the meanings of "origin" or "round" in the Chinese language. The Tuoba states of Dai and Northern Wei also claims to possess the quality of earth in the Chinese five element analogy.
[edit] Chieftains of Tuoba Clan ¹ 219-377 (as Princes of Dai 315-377)
| Posthumous names | Chinese family names and first names | Period of Reigns | Era names and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese convention: family name and first names | |||
| Shenyuan 神元 pinyin (py.) shén yuán | Tuoba Liwei ³ 拓拔力微 py. Tuòbá Lìwéi | 219-277 | Did not exist |
| Zhang 章 py. Zhāng | Tuoba Xilu 拓拔悉鹿 py. Tuòbá Xīlù | 277-286 | Did not exist |
| Ping 平 py. Píng | Tuoba Chuo 拓拔綽 py. Tuòbá Chuò | 286-293 | Did not exist |
| Si 思 py. Sī | Tuoba Fu 拓拔弗 py. Tuòbá Fú | 293-294 | Did not exist |
| Zhao 昭 py. Zhāo | Tuoba Luguan 拓拔祿官 py. Tuòbá Lùguān | 294-307 | Did not exist |
| Huan 桓 py. Huán | Tuoba Yituo 拓拔猗㐌 py. Tuòbá Yītuō | 295-305 | Did not exist |
| Mu 穆 py. Mù | Tuoba Yilu 拓拔猗盧 py. Tuòbá Yīlú | 295-316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Tuoba Pugen 拓拔普根 py. Tuòbá Pǔgēn | 316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 拓拔? Tuòbá ? | 316 | Did not exist |
| Pingwen 平文 py. Píngwén | Tuoba Yulü 拓拔鬱律 py. Tuòbá Yùlǜ | 316-321 | Did not exist |
| Hui 惠 py. Huì | Tuoba Heru 拓拔賀傉 py. Tuòbá Hèrǔ | 321-325 | Did not exist |
| Yang 煬 py. Yáng | Tuoba Hena 拓拔紇那 py. Tuòbá Hénǎ | 325-329 and 335-337 | Did not exist |
| Lie 烈 py. Liè | Tuoba Yihuai 拓拔翳槐 py. Tuòbá Yìhuaí | 329-335 and 337-338 | Did not exist |
| Zhaocheng 昭成 py. Zhaōchéng | Tuoba Shiyijian 拓拔什翼健 py. Tuòbá Shíyìjiàn | 338-377 | Jianguo (建國 py. Jiànguó) 338-377 |
[edit] Footnotes
¹ Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui, then Emperor Daowu. Hence the rulers of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
² All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi but they never were in reality. They were denoted here as 王 pinyin Wáng (literary meaning: King or Prince), which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yilu. Refer to Chinese nobility#wang.
³ His temple name was Shizu (Chinese characters: 始祖, py. Shízǔ). Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name.
4 Upon the reign of Emperor Xiao Wen , The Tuoba clan started the sinification process by changing their clan name to the Han Chinese surname yuan(元)。
