Tui (bird)

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iTui

A Tui on a flax flower

Conservation status

Least Concern (LC)

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Meliphagidae
Genus:	Prosthemadera Gray, 1840
Species:	P. novaeseelandiae

Binomial name

Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae
(Gmelin, 1788)

The Tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) is an endemic passerine bird of New Zealand, one of the largest members of the diverse honeyeater family.

The name Tui is from the Maori language name tūī and is the formal common name. Note that there is no letter 's' in the Maori language, so the plural is simply 'Tui.' The English name, Parson Bird, has fallen into disuse but came about because at first glance the Tui appears completely black except for a small tuft of white feathers at its neck and a small white wing patch, causing it to resemble a parson in religious attire.

On closer inspection, it can be seen from the photo that Tui have faded browner patches on the back and flanks, a multicoloured iridescent sheen which varies with the angle from which the light strikes them, and a dusting of small, white-shafted feathers on the back and sides of the neck that produce a lacy collar.

Tui perching on New Zealand flax

Tui are found through much of New Zealand, particularly the North Island, the west and south coasts of the South Island, Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands- where an endangered sub-species particular to these islands exists . Populations have declined considerably since European settlement, mainly because of habitat destruction but also from hunting and imported mammalian predators.

Nonetheless, the species is considered secure and has made recoveries in some areas, particularly after removal of livestock has allowed vegetation to recover. Predation by introduced species remains a threat, particularly stoats, the Common Myna (which competes with Tui for food and sometimes takes eggs), and rats.

Tui prefer broadleaf forests below 1500 metres but will tolerate quite small remnant patches, regrowth, exotic plantations and well-vegetated suburbs. They are usually seen singly, in pairs, or in small family groups, but will congregate in large numbers at suitable food sources, often in company with Silvereyes, Bellbirds (another New Zealand honeyeater), or Kererū (native New Zealand pigeon). Generally when interspecific competition for the same food resources among New Zealand's three species of honeyeater occurs, there is a hierarchy which the Tui is at the top of, with bellbirds and stitchbirds successively subordinate to the species above them - they are thus frequently chased off by Tui at a food source such as a flowering flax plant.

Nectar is the primary diet item but fruit and insects are frequently taken, and pollen and seeds more occasionally. Particularly popular is the New Zealand flax, whose nectar sometimes ferments, resulting in the Tui flying in a fashion that suggests that they might be drunk. Tui are the main pollinators of flax, kowhai, kaka beak and some other plants. Note that the flowers of the three plants mentioned are similar in shape to the Tui beak- a vivid example of symbiosis.

Tui are considered to be very intelligent, much like parrots. They also resemble parrots in their ability to imitate human speech, and are known for their noisy, unusual call, different for each individual, which combines bellbird-like notes with clicks, cackles and wheezing sounds-( the unusual possession of 2 voiceboxes enable Tui to perform such a myriad of vocalisations). Some of the huge range of Tui sounds are beyond the human register. Watching a Tui sing, one can observe gaps in the sound when the beak is agape and throat tufts throbbing. Tui will also sing at night, especially around the full moon period.

Male Tui can be extremely territorial, chasing all other birds (large or small) from the area with loud flapping and sounds akin to "swearing". This is especially true of other Tui when possession of a favoured feeding tree is impinged. Birds will often erect their body feathers in order to appear larger in an attempt to intimidate a rival . The powered flight of Tui is quite loud as they have developed short wide wings, giving excellent manouverablity in the dense forest they prefer, but requiring rapid flapping. They can be seen to perform a breeding display of rising at speed in a vertical climb in clear air, before stalling and dropping into a powered dive, then repeating. Much of this behaviour is more notable during the breeding season of early spring; September/October.

[edit] References

BirdLife International (2004). Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 05 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern