Trimeresurus

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iTrimeresurus
Bamboo pit viper, Trimeresurus gramineus
Bamboo pit viper, Trimeresurus gramineus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Crotalinae
Genus: Trimersurus
Lacépède, 1804
Synonyms
  • Trimeresurus - Lacépède]], 1804
  • Craspedocephalus - Kuhl & van Hassert, 1882
  • Trimeresura - Fleming, 1882
  • Crasedocephalus - Gray, 1825
  • Megaera - Wagler, 1830
  • Atropos - Wagler, 1830
  • Trimesurus - Gray, 1842[1]

Common names: Asian lance-headed vipers,[2] bamboo vipers.


Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in Asia from Pakistan, through India, China, throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Currently 35 species are recognized.[3]

Contents

[edit] Description

Most are relatively small, primarily arboreal species. With thin bodies, and prehensile tails. They are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange or red markings.

[edit] Feeding

Their diet includes a variety of other animals, including rodents, lizards, amphibians and birds.

[edit] Reproduction

Like most viper species, they are ovoviviparous.

[edit] Venom

Their venom varies between species in toxicity, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

[edit] Geographic range

Southeast Asia from India to southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.[1]

[edit] Species

Species[3] Authority[3] Subsp.*[3] Common name Geographic range
T. albolabris Gray, 1842 2 White-lipped tree viper India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, South China, Indonesia
T. borneensis (Peters, 1872) 0 Borneo pit viper Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand
T. brongersmai Hoge, 1969 0 Brongersma's pit viper Indonesia (Simalur)
T. cantori (Blyth, 1846) 0 Cantor's pit viper India (Nicobar Island)
T. cornutus Smith, 1930 0 Vietnam, in Bach Ma and Tonkin.
T. elegans (Gray, 1849) 0 Southern Ryūkyū Islands of Japan.
T. erythrurus (Cantor, 1839) 0 Redtail bamboo viper India (Assam, Sikkim), Bangladesh, Myanmar
T. fasciatus (Boulenger, 1896) 0 Banded pit viper Indonesia (Tanahdjampea Island)
T. flavomaculatus (Gray, 1842) 2 Philippine pit viper Philippines
T. flavoviridis (Hallowell, 1861) 0 Ryūkyū Islands of Japan: Okinawa and Amami Islands.
T. gracilis Oshima, 1920 0 Kikuchi Habu Taiwan
T. gramineusT (Shaw, 1802) 0 Common bamboo viper Pakistan, South India, Nepal, South China, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Philippines
T. hageni (Lidth de Jeude, 1886) 0 Hagen's pit viper Indonesia, West Malaysia, South Thailand
T. jerdonii Günther, 1875 2 India (Assam) through northern Myanmar to Tibet, China (Hupeh, Szechwan and Yunnan), and Vietnam.
T. kanburiensis Smith, 1943 0 Kanburi pit viper South and West Thailand
T. karanshahi Orlov and Helfenberger, 1997 0 The Himalayas in central Nepal.
T. kaulbacki Smith, 1940 0 Pangnamdim, north of the Triangle in Upper Burma (Myanmar).
T. labialis Steindachner, 1867 0 Nicobar bamboo viper India (Nicobar Island)
T. macrolepis Beddome, 1862 0 Large-scaled pit viper South India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala)
T. macrops Kramer, 1977 0 Large-eyed pit viper Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam
T. malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854) 0 Malabar pit viper South India
T. mangshanensis Zhao, 1990 0 Mangshan pit viper Hunan Province in China.
T. medoensis Zhao, 1977 0 Motuo bamboo viper or Medo pit viper North Myanmar, East India, South-East Tibet
T. mucrosquamatus (Cantor, 1839) 0 Chinese habu Southeast Asia, southern China, Taiwan
T. popeorum Smith, 1937 2 Pope's bamboo viper North-East India, Myanmar, North Thailand, North Laos
T. puniceus (Kuhl, 1824) 0 Flat-nosed pit viper Indonesia
T. purpureomaculatus (Gray, 1832) 0 Mangrove pit viper India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, South Thailand, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra)
T. schultzei Griffin, 1909 0 Schultze's pit viper Philippines (Palawan, Balabac)
T. stejnegeri Schmidt, 1925 2 Stejneger's bamboo viper South China, Taiwan, Nepal, India (Sikkim, Assam), Myanmar, Vietnam
T. strigatus Gray, 1842 0 Horseshoe pit viper India (Western Ghats)
T. sumatranus (Raffles, 1822) 1 Sumatra pit viper Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra), West Malaysia, South Thailand
T. tibetanus Huang, 1982 0 Tibetan pit viper Tibet, Nepal
T. tokarensis Nagai, 1928 0 Japan: Takara-jima and Kotakara-jima.
T. trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798) 0 Sri Lankan green pit viper Sri Lanka
T. xiangchengensis Zhao, Jiang and Huang, 1978 0 China: Yunnan and western Sichuan.

*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
T) Type species.[1]

[edit] Taxonomy

This is a relatively large group that is currently undergoing taxonomic reclassification. Consequently, the number of species may vary depending on the source.

Other taxonomies may include species such as:

  • T. andersonii - Theobald (1868). Commonly called Anderson's pit viper, found in the Andaman Islands of India.
  • T. barati - Regenass & Kramer (1981). Commonly called Barat's bamboo viper, found in Indonesia.
  • T. fucatus - Vogel, David & Pauwels (2004). Commonly called the Siamese peninsula pit viper and found in southern Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia.
  • T. gumprechti - David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal (2002). Commonly called Gumprecht's green pit viper and found in northeastern Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China and Myanmar.
  • T. insularis - Kramer (1977). Commonly called the white-lipped island pit viper and found in Indonesia.
  • T. malcolmi - Loveridge (1938). Commonly called Malcolm's pit viper and found on Borneo (Indonesia).
  • T. nebularis - Vogel, David & Pauwels (2004). Commonly called the Cameron Highlands pit viper and found in West Malaysia (Cameron Highlands).
  • T. sabahi - Regenass & Kramer (1981). Commonly called Sabah's bamboo viper and found on Borneo, Indonesia.
  • T. truongsonensis - Orlov, Ryabov, Thanh & Cuc (2004). Found in central Vietnam.
  • T. venustus - Vogel (1991). Commonly called the beautiful pit viper and found in southern Thailand.
  • T. vogeli - David, Vidal & Pauwels (2001). Commonly called Vogel's pit viper and found in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

[edit] Cited references

  1. ^ a b c McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  3. ^ a b c d Trimeresurus (TSN 209553). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 27 September 2006.

[edit] External links

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