Trembling hand perfect equilibrium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| (Normal form) trembling hand perfect equilibrium | |
|---|---|
| A solution concept in game theory | |
| Relationships | |
| Subset of: | Nash Equilibrium |
| Significance | |
| Proposed by: | Reinhard Selten |
Trembling hand perfect equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium due to Reinhard Selten. A trembling hand perfect equilibrium is an equilibrium that takes the possibility of off-the-equilibrium play into account by assuming that the players, through a "slip of the hand" or tremble, may choose unintended strategies, albeit with negligible probability.
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[edit] Definition
First we define a perturbed game. A perturbed game is a copy of a base game, with the restriction that only fully mixed strategies are allowed to be played. A fully mixed strategy is a mixed strategy where every pure strategy is played with non-zero probability. This is the "trembling hands" of the players; they sometimes play a different strategy than the one they intended to play. Then we define a strategy set S (in a base game) as being trembling hand perfect if there is a sequence of perturbed games that converge to the base game in which there is a series of Nash equilibria that converge to S.
[edit] Example
The game represented in the following normal form matrix has two Nash equilibria, namely <Up, Left> and <Down, Right>. However, only <U,L> is trembling-hand perfect.
| Left | Right | |
| Up | 1, 1 | 2, 0 |
| Down | 0, 2 | 2, 2 |
| Trembling hand perfect equilibrium | ||
Assume player 1 is playing a mixed strategy (1 − ε,ε). Player 2's expected payoff from playing L is:
- 1(1 − ε) + 2ε = 1 + ε
Player 2's expected payoff from playing the strategy R is:
- 0(1 − ε) + 2ε = 2ε
For small values of ε, player 2 maximizes his expected payoff by placing a minimal weight on R. By symmetry, player 1 should place a minimal weight on D if player 2 is playing the mixed strategy (1 − ε,ε). Hence <U,L> is trembling-hand perfect.
However, similar analysis fails for the strategy profile <D,R>.
Assume player 1 is playing a mixed strategy (ε,1 − ε). Player 2's expected payoff from playing L is:
- 1ε + 2(1 − ε) = 2 − ε
Player 2's expected payoff from playing the strategy R is:
- 0(ε) + 2(1 − ε) = 2 − 2ε
For all positive values of ε, player 2 maximizes his expected payoff by placing a minimal weight on R. Hence <D, R> is not trembling-hand perfect because player 2 (and, by symmetry, player 1) maximizes his expected payoff by deviating if there is a small chance of error.
[edit] Trembling hand perfect equilibria of two-player games
For two-player games, the set of trembling hand perfect equilibria coincides with the set of admissible equilibria, i.e., equilibria consisting of two undominated strategies. In the example above, we see that the imperfect equilibrium <D,R> is not admissible, as L (weakly) dominates R for Player 2.
[edit] Trembling hand perfection of equilibria of extensive form games
| Extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium | |
|---|---|
| A solution concept in game theory | |
| Relationships | |
| Subset of: | Subgame perfect equilibrium, Perfect Bayesian equilibrium, Sequential equilibrium |
| Significance | |
| Proposed by: | Reinhard Selten |
| Used for: | Extensive form games |
There are two possible ways of extending the definition of trembling hand perfection to extensive form games.
- One may interpret the extensive form as being merely a concise description of a normal form game and apply the concepts described above to this normal form game. In the resulting perturbed games, every strategy of the extensive-form game must be played with non-zero probability. This leads to the notion of a normal-form trembling hand prefect equilibrium.
- Alternatively, one may recall that trembles are to be interpreted as modelling mistakes made by the players with some negligible probability when the game is played. Such a mistake would most likely consist of a player making another move than the one intended at some point during play. It would hardly consist of the player choosing another strategy than intended, i.e. a wrong plan for playing the entire game. To capture this, one may define the perturbed game by requiring that every move at every information set is taken with non-zero probability. Limits of equilibria of such perturbed games as the tremble probabilities goes to zero are called extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibria.
The notions of normal-form and extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibria are incomparable, i.e., an equilibrium of an extensive-form game may be normal-form trembling hand perfect but not extensive-form trembling hand perfect and vice versa. As an extreme example of this, Jean-François Mertens has given an example of a two-player extensive form game where no extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium is admissible, i.e., the sets of extensive-form and normal-form trembling hand perfect equilibria for this game are disjoint.
An extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium is also a sequential equilibrium. A normal-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium of an extensive form game may be sequential but is not necessarily so. In fact, a normal-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium does not even have to be subgame perfect.
[edit] References
- Reinhard Selten. "A reexamination of the perfectness concept for equilibrium points in extensive games". International Journal of Game Theory 4:25--55, 1975.
- Selten, R (1983) Evolutionary stability in extensive two-person games. Math. Soc. Sci. 5:269-363.
- Selten, R.(1988) Evolutionary stability in extensive two-person games - correction and further development. Math. Soc. Sci. 16:223--266
| Topics in game theory | |
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Definitions |
Normal form game · Extensive form game · Cooperative game · Information set · Preference |
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Nash equilibrium · Subgame perfection · Bayes-Nash · Trembling hand · Correlated equilibrium · Sequential equilibrium · Quasi-perfect equilibrium · Evolutionarily stable strategy |
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Dominant strategies · Mixed strategy · Grim trigger · Tit for Tat |
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Classes of games |
Symmetric game · Perfect information · Dynamic game · Repeated game · Signaling game · Cheap talk · Zero-sum game · Mechanism design |
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Prisoner's dilemma · Coordination game · Chicken · Battle of the sexes · Stag hunt · Matching pennies · Ultimatum game · Minority game · Rock, Paper, Scissors · Pirate game · Dictator game |
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Theorems |
Minimax theorem · Purification theorems · Folk theorem · Revelation principle · Arrow's Theorem |
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Related topics |
Mathematics · Economics · Behavioral economics · Evolutionary game theory · Population genetics · Behavioral ecology · Adaptive dynamics · List of game theorists |
