Treaty of Brétigny
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The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty signed on May 8, 1360, between King Edward III of England and King John II (the Good) of France. The treaty was signed at Brétigny, a village near Chartres, and marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), as well as the height of English hegemony on the Continent. The treaty was signed several years after John was taken as a prisoner of war at the Battle of Poitiers (September 19, 1356). The ensuing conflicts in Paris between Stephen Marcel and the Dauphin (later King Charles V) and the outbreak of the Jacquerie peasant revolt weakened French bargaining power. The treaty did not lead to lasting peace, but procured nine years' respite from the Hundred Years' War. In the following years, French forces were involved in battles against the Anglo-Navarrais (Bertrand du Guesclin's victory at Cocherel, May 16, 1364) and the Bretons.
The exactions of the English, who wished to yield as few as possible of the advantages claimed by them in the abortive Treaty of London the year before, made negotiations difficult, and the discussion of terms begun early in April lasted more than a month. By virtue of this treaty Edward III obtained, besides Guyenne and Gascony, Poitou, Saintonge and Aunis, Agenais, Périgord, Limousin, Quercy, Bigorre, the countship of Gaure, Angoumois, Rouergue, Montreuil-sur-Mer, Ponthieu, Calais, Sangatte, Ham and the countship of Guines. The king of England was to hold these free and clear, without doing homage for them.
On his side, the King of England gave up the duchies of Normandy and Touraine, the countships of Anjou and Maine, and the suzerainty of Brittany and of Flanders. He also renounced all claims to the French throne. The terms of Brétigny were meant to disentangle the feudal responsibilities that had caused so much conflict, and as far as the English were concerned would concentrate English territories in an expanded version of Aquitaine.
John II had to pay three million gold crowns for his ransom, and would be released after he paid one million. The occasion was the first minting of the franc, equivalent to one livre tournois (20 sous). As a guarantee for the payment of his ransom, John gave as hostages two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France. This treaty was ratified and sworn to by the two kings and by their eldest sons on October 24, 1360, at Calais. At the same time the special conditions relating to each important article of the treaty and the renunciatory clauses in which the kings abandoned their rights over the territory they had yielded to one another were signed. Edward III retired finally to England, for the last time.
When his own son Louis I, Duc d'Anjou (one of the hostages) escaped from England in 1362, John II chivalrously gave himself up. He died in honorable captivity in 1364 and Charles V succeeded him as king of France. In 1369, on the pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of Brétigny, the king of France declared war once again.
By the time of the death of Edward III in 1377, English forces had been pushed back into their territories in the southwest around Bordeaux.
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources
- "Brétigny, Treaty of." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. [1]
- Burne, Alfred H. The Crecy War: Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1337 to the Peace of Bretigny, 1360. Eyre & Spottiswoode: 1955. ISBN 0837183014.
