Toyota
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- For other uses, see Toyota (disambiguation).
| トヨタ自動車株式会社 Toyota Jidōsha Kabushiki-gaisha Toyota Motor Corporation |
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| Type | Public (NYSE: TM, TYO: 7203.T , LSE: TYT) |
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| Founded | 1933 by Kiichiro Toyoda |
| Headquarters | Toyota, Aichi, Japan |
| Key people | Hiroshi Okuda, Chairman Katsuaki Watanabe, President |
| Industry | Automobile manufacturing, Financial services, Biotechnology |
| Products | Toyota, Lexus, Scion |
| Revenue |  $173 Billion (U.S.) (2005) |
| Employees | 264,410 |
| Subsidiaries | Toyota Financial Services, Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd., Hino Motors, Ltd., DENSO, Toyota Industries |
| Slogan | Moving Forward (a.k.a. It's Time to Move Forward.) |
| Website | www.toyota.co.jp |
The Toyota Motor Corporation, or simply called Toyota is a Japanese multinational corporation and the world's second largest automaker that manufactures automobiles, trucks, buses and robots and the world's eighth largest company by revenue.[1] Its headquarters are in Toyota, Aichi, Japan with factories and offices around the world.
The company was founded in 1933 by Kiichiro Toyoda. Since then, Toyota has become one of the most successful and profitable Japanese companies and one of the world's most industry leading automobile corporations as producing industry's first commercially available Advanced Parking Guidance System (automatic parking), eight-speed automatic transmission, real-time traffic guidance with dynamic rerouting, and four-zone climate control with infrared technology in its Lexus division models [2]. It's also one of few automobile corporations that extensively produced and pushed car based on the hybrid fuel technology in the market such as in the hybrid Prius, Toyota and even in the luxury Lexus division cars. Toyota consistently ranks as building some of the most reliable automobiles in the world[3] according to surveys and analysis.
According to current predictions, it is expected to become the world's largest automaker, overtaking General Motors, by producing and selling 9.8 million vehicles in 2008 along with increasing sales. [4] It is one of the Japanese "big three" challenging American automobile manufacturers that includes Nissan and Honda with high success.
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[edit] Introduction
The headquarters of Toyota is located in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Toyota also provides financial services through its subsidiary, Toyota Financial Services, and participates in other lines of business. It manufactures vehicles sold in the United States under the brand names Toyota, Scion and Lexus. Toyota also owns majority stakes in Daihatsu and Hino, and 8.7% of Fuji Heavy Industries, which manufactures Subaru vehicles. They also acquired 5.9% of Isuzu Motors Ltd. on November 7, 2006.
As of 2005, Toyota, combined with its half-owned subsidiary Daihatsu Motor Company, produced 8.54 million vehicles, about 500,000 fewer than the number produced by GM that year. In July 2006, Toyota passed Ford in selling cars, although Ford regained its lead over Toyota in the following month and lost it again due to heavy gas prices. Toyota has a large market share in the United States, Europe and Africa and is the market leader in Australia. It has significant market shares in several fast-growing Southeast Asian countries.[1]
In the Fortune Global 500, it is the 8th largest company in the world outpacing Ford Motor Company in all listings in terms of revenue and growth and in the 2006 Forbes Global 2000 it is the 12th largest company in the world. It has been consistently gaining market share in the United States, while shrinking sales for Ford and General Motors in the United States.
Its slogan is "Moving forward" or "It's time to move forward" in the United States and various other countries in the world. In Europe their common slogan is "Today. Tomorrow. Toyota." In some countries such as Australia, the slogan is "Oh what a feeling!" which was Toyota's slogan in the US during the 1980s.
[edit] History
The Toyota Motor Corporation was founded in September 1933 when Toyoda Automatic Loom created a new division devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Soon thereafter, the division produced its first Type A Engine in 1934, which was used in the first Model A1 passenger car in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935. Production of the Model AA passenger car started in 1936.
Although the Toyota Group is best known today for its cars, it is still in the textile business and still makes automatic looms, which are now fully computerized, and electric sewing machines which are available worldwide.
Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937. Although the founding family name is Toyoda (豊田), the company name was changed in order to signify the separation of the founders' work life from home life, to simplify the pronunciation, and to give the company a happy beginning. Toyota (トヨタ) is considered luckier than Toyoda (豊田) in Japan, where eight is regarded as a lucky number, and eight is the number of strokes it takes to write Toyota in Katakana. In Chinese, the company and its vehicles are still referred to by the equivalent characters (Traditional Chinese: 豐田; Simplified Chinese: 丰田), with Chinese reading.
During the Pacific War the company was dedicated to truck production for the Imperial Army. Because of severe shortages in Japan, military trucks were kept as simple as possible. For example, the trucks had only one headlight on the center of the hood. The war ended shortly before a scheduled Allied bombing run on the Toyota factories in Aichi.
Commercial passenger car production started in 1947 with the model SA. In 1950 a separate sales company Toyota Motor Sales Co. was established (which lasted until July 1982). In April 1956 the Toyopet dealer chain was established. The following year, the Toyota Crown became the first Japanese car to be exported to the United States and Toyota's American and Brazilian divisions, Toyota Motor Sales Inc. and Toyota do Brazil S.A., were also established.
Toyota began to expand in the 1960s with a new research and development facility, a presence in Thailand was established, the 10 millionth model was produced, a Deming Prize and partnerships with Hino Motors and Daihatsu were also established. By the end of the decade, Toyota had established a worldwide presence, as the company had exported its 1 millionth unit.
The expansion continued throughout the 1970s. The company was awarded its first Japanese Quality Control at the start of the decade and a presence in Motorsport was established.
In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company, the Toyota Motor Corporation. Two years later, Toyota joined NUMMI, the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. Toyota then started to establish new brands at the end of the 80s, with the launch of their luxury brand Lexus in 1989.
With a major presence with Europe, due to the success of Team Toyota Europe, the corporation decided to set up TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing & Engineering, to help market vehicles in the continent. Two years later, Toyota set up a base in the United Kingdom, TMUK, as the company's cars had become very popular amoung British drivers. Bases in Indiana, Virginia and Tianjin were also set up. In 1999, the company decided to list itself on the New York and London Stock Exchange.
In 2001, Toyota's Toyo Trust and Banking merged to form the UFJ, United Financials of Japan, which was accused of corruption by the government for making bad loans to the Yakuza crime syndicates.[citation needed] The UFJ became one of the worst money losing corporations in the world, with Toyota's chairman serving as a director.[citation needed] At the time, the UFJ was one of the largest shareholders of Toyota. As a result of Japan's banking crisis, the UFJ was merged again to become Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.
In 2002, Toyota managed to enter a Formula One works team and establish joint ventures with French motoring companies Citroën and Peugeot, this was established year after Toyota started producing cars in France.
[edit] Worldwide presence
Toyota has factories all over the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets, including the Corolla. Toyota has manufacturing or assembly plants in the United States, Japan, Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, France, Brazil, and more recently Pakistan, India, Argentina, Czech Republic, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Venezuela, and Philippines.
The first Toyota built outside of Japan was a Land Cruiser FJ-251, built in São Paulo, Brazil in May 1959.
Toyota invests a great amount of research into cleaner-burning vehicles such as the Toyota Prius, based on technology such as the Hybrid Synergy Drive, although the added costs of hybrid technology do not result in any cost savings for many years.[citation needed] In 2002, Toyota successfully road-tested a new version of the RAV4 which ran on a Hydrogen fuel cell. Scientific American called the company its Business Leader of the Year in 2003 for commercializing an affordable hybrid car.
In 2003, Toyota brought two of its popular cars from Japan (including the bB) to America, and created a new badge, called Scion, meaning a descendant or heir. These cars are targeted towards the young, and young-at-heart. They are meant to be tuned up or be used as simple road cars. Both models, the xA (known in Japan as the Toyota ist) and xB (known in Japan as the Toyota bB) are powered by a 1.5L DOHC I4 engine. A third model, the Scion tC, was introduced in 2004. They are all typically low priced and are affordable. Instead of importing an existing model from Japan as was done with the xA and xB, the tC was designed specifically for the North American market as a Toyota Celica replacement, using the four-cylinder engine and transmissions from the Toyota Camry, and the basic platform of the European Toyota Avensis. Toyota is also famous in industry for its manufacturing philosophy, called the Toyota Production System. The system has subsequently been adopted worldwide by various companies.
[edit] Brands
[edit] Lexus
Lexus is Toyota's brand name for its luxury vehicle division, much like what Lincoln is to the Ford Motor Company. Lexus vehicles are sold in North America, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Latin America, Asia and Oceania; in the United States, Lexus is the highest-selling brand of luxury cars. Until 2005, Lexus vehicles were sold under the Toyota marque in Japan, at which point the Lexus marque was introduced.
Since its debut in 1989, Lexus has developed a reputation for the reliability of its vehicles and the quality of its customer service. In 2006, consumer ratings firm J.D. Power named Lexus the most reliable brand in the U.S. based on its Vehicle Dependability Survey, a measure of over 47,000 vehicle owners and the problems they experienced in the first three years of vehicle ownership. It was the twelfth consecutive year that Lexus achieved this top rating [2]. That same year, Consumer Reports also named Lexus the most reliable brand in its Annual Car Reliability Survey of over one million vehicles nationwide. [3]. Additionally, Lexus ranks highly on surveys of dealership service experience.
[edit] Scion
Scion is a United States-only division of Toyota founded in 2003. It is also a brand of Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. It currently has three models: the Scion xA also known as the Scion xA white and xB (both rebadged Japanese market cars, named ist and bB, respectively) and the tC (a new design based on the European-market Toyota Avensis). Scion's long-term goal is to appeal to Generation Y consumers, expected to dwarf the market size of Generation X by 2020. Scion grew from Toyota Project Genesis, a failed effort to bring younger buyers to the Toyota marque in the United States. Scion is Toyota's entry-level brand, slotting below Toyota in the lineup. Currently Scion sells its vehicles in the United States, and Guam and Puerto Rico.
[edit] Current models
(Note: Models and definitions do vary between markets. For specifics, see individual models.)
Toyota Brand
- Aygo (citycar passenger)
- Yaris (subcompact passenger)
- Soluna/Vios (subcompact passenger, S.E. Asia)
- Probox (small wagon)
- Corolla/Altis (compact passenger)
- Prius (hatchback - hybrid flagship)
- Allion (lower midsize sedan)
- Avensis (midsize passenger)
- Caldina (midsize wagon)
- Camry (midsize passenger)
- Solara (Camry based coupe)
- Progres (midsize luxury sedan)
- Mark X (midsize sporty sedan)
- Crown (large luxury sedan)
- Avalon (full-size passenger)
- Century (full-size luxury sedan)
- Matrix (CUV)
- RAV4 (small SUV)
- Highlander (crossover SUV)
- 4Runner (midsize SUV)
- Sequoia (full-size SUV)
- FJ Cruiser (compact 4x4)
- Land Cruiser (full-size 4x4)
- Sienta (small MPV)
- Wish (compact MPV)
- Ipsum (midsize MPV)
- Sienna (minivan, N. America)
- Estima/Tarago/Previa (minivan)
- Alphard (full-size MPV)
- Hilux/Tacoma (midsize pickup)
- Tundra (full-size pickup, N. America)
- Hiace (Commuter and commercial van)
- Dyna (Commercial light truck)
- Coaster (mini bus)
IMV Vehicle Lineup (mainly for S.E. Asia)
Lexus brand
- IS (compact luxury sedan)
- ES (midsize luxury sedan)
- GS (midsize luxury sedan)
- LS (large luxury sedan)
- SC (personal luxury coupé convertible)
- GX (midsize luxury SUV)
- LX (large luxury SUV)
- RX (midsize luxury crossover)
Scion brand
[edit] Historic models
Toyota Brand
- 2000GT (1965-1970)
- Celica (October 1970 - April 2006 in Japan, 1971-2005 for export)
- Starlet (1973-1999)
- Corona and Carina (succeeded by Premio, Allion, Avensis)
- Mark II (succeeded by Mark X), Chaser and Cresta
- Cressida (succeeded by Avalon)
- Echo (2000-2005) (now called Yaris in the U.S.)
- Supra
- Town Ace/Lite Ace (passenger van models are succeeded by Noah / Voxy)
- Paseo / Cynos (1991-1998)
- Tercel (1978-1999)
- Toyota Mr2
- Revo/Kijang/Unser/Z-Ace (succeeded by Innova, marketed as Kijang Innova in Indonesia)
- Qualis
[edit] Hybrid technology
The Prius has become the top selling hybrid car in America. Toyota now has three hybrid vehicles in its lineup (Prius, Highlander, & Camry). The popular minivan Toyota Sienna is supposed to join the hybrid lineup by 2010, and by 2030 Toyota plans to have its entire lineup of cars, trucks, and SUVs to have a Hybrid Synergy Drive option.
Lexus also has their own hybrid lineup, consisting of the GS450h, RX400h, and soon in 2007, the LS600h.
[edit] Manufacturing facilities
- Altona, Victoria - Camry and Aurion (formerly Avalon). 109,222 vehicles and 85,769 engines in 2005.
- Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada, Cambridge, Ontario - 1.8L engines, Corolla, Matrix, Lexus RX and from 2008 RAV4[5].
- Burnaston, Derbyshire - Avensis and Corolla
- Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky, Georgetown, Kentucky - Camry, Avalon and Solara.
- Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana, Princeton, Indiana - Tundra, Sequoia and Sienna. 364,983 vehicles produced in 2005. (127,431 Tundra, 44,852 Sequoia and 192,700 Sienna)
- Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas, San Antonio, Texas - Tundra. Annual capacity of 200,000 pickup trucks.
[edit] Joint venture, licensed, and contract factories
- Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech (joint venture with PSA Peugeot Citroën), Kolín, Czech Republic - Aygo
- Toyota Industries, Japan (contract facility) - Vitz/Yaris and RAV4
- NUMMI (joint venture with GM), Fremont, California - Corolla and Tacoma
- Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. (contract facility, starting in Spring 2007), Lafayette, Indiana - Camry
[edit] Motorsport history
Toyota's presence in Motorsport can be traced by to the early 1970s, when Swedish driver, Ove Andersson drove for Toyota during the RAC Rally of Great Britain. During the winter of 1972, Andersson formed Andersson Motorsport in his native country and began running a Rallying program for Toyota. The move turned out to be an inpratical one and three years after establishing his team, Andersson moved its base from Sweden to Brussels in Belgium. From there the team was renamed, Team Toyota Europe.
Toyota's first win in motorsport came at the 1975 1000 Lakes Rally of Finland, when Hannu Mikkola and his co-driver, Atso Aho, won the event in a Toyota Corolla. Three years later, the team moved to a new base in Cologne, in western Germany. It wasn't until the 1980s when Toyota began to gain notable success, especially in the African rallies, where Bjorn Waldegaard and Juha Kankkunen were usually top of the time sheets. The team then set-up its all purpose Motorsport facility in Cologne three years later, which is still used today.
In 1990, Carlos Sainz gave Toyota its first ever Championship win in a Four-wheel drive Toyota Celica and repeated the feat 2 years later. In 1993, Toyota bought the team from Andersson and named it Toyota Motorsport GmbH, in the same year Juha Kankkunen won the WRC title and Toyota won the Contsructors' Championship, becoming the first Japanese Manufacturer to do so. This success was repeated a year earlier, but this time it was Frenchman Didier Auriol who was responsible.
1995 proved to be a difficult year for Toyota, as the team were caught using illegal turbo chargers and were given a 12-month ban by the FIA. The company returned to rallying in 1996, but its competition, notably Mitsubishi and Subaru, had a clearer advantage over their cars.
1997 would prove to be another uncompetitive year for Toyota, with the team still behind its fellow Japanese manufacturers, Subaru and Mitsubishi, and the Carlos Sainz the highest place Toyota driver in the Drivers' Championship in third place, 11 points behind champion Tommi Mäkinen. Sainz came within 1 point of the 1998 title, when his Corolla suffered an engine failure on the final stage of the final rally in Great Britain, while Toyota were within 6 points of the Contsructors' Championship, many people place the blame on Toyota's choice to run Belgian Freddy Loix as one of the team's points scoring drivers at the Rally of Spain instead of regular driver Didier Auriol, because Auriol managed to win the event ahead of second-placed Loix.
Toyota decided to quit running in the WRC at the end of the 1999 season, quoting that "all that can be achieved has been achieved". The team managed to secure the Manufacturers' title in their last season, 18 points ahead of their nearest rival Subaru, while Didier Auriol came within 10 points of the Drivers' title.
Toyota were replaced the following season by Peugeot, who went onto win the Manufacturers' title in succession from 2000-2002.
Toyota raced in CART from 1996 to 2002. Its early years in the series were marked by struggles. Toyota-powered cars, campaigned by the All-American Racers and PPI Motorsports teams, languished at the back of the grid, slow and unreliable. Toyota didn't even lead a lap until Alex Barron led 12 laps at the Vancouver street circuit in September 1998.
Toyota started seeing its fortunes improve in 1999 as Scott Pruett took pole position at the final race of the season at the California Speedway. The next year, Juan Pablo Montoya gave Toyota its first-ever CART win at the Milwaukee Mile, the first of 5 races won by Toyota-powered cars that year. Toyota-powered cars won six races in 2001. In 2002, Toyota's final year in the championship, it turned things around completely from its bleak debut. Toyota won the Manufacturer's championship, 10 races, and Cristiano Da Matta rode Toyota power to the driver's championship, with Bruno Junqueira, also Toyota-powered car, finished second.
Toyota started recruiting staff for their Le Mans efforts in 1997, with an aim to start a Formula One team. Toyota's efforts for a Le Mans car was the Toyota GT-One, which was driven by ex-Formula One drivers: Martin Brundle; Thierry Boutsen and Ukyo Katayama. The 3.6 litre twin-turbo GT-Ones were beaten in 1998 and 1999 but came close to victory, breaking down late in the race. The GT-One held the lap record for the Sarthe Circuit up until 2006 however.
Toyota moved to the Indy Racing League in 2003 and provided factory support to former CART teams Penske Racing and Chip Ganassi Racing as well as other teams. They were one of the top engines in their first year, winning the Indianapolis 500 with Gil de Ferran and the championship with Scott Dixon. However, 2004 and 2005 were not so kind and wins were few and far between. Following the 2005 season, the Penske and Ganassi teams announced they would switch engines to Honda, leaving Toyota with no championship contenders. As a result of this and their intent to re-allocate resources for NASCAR, Toyota announced they would leave the series during the off-season.
- Main article: Toyota F1
In 2002 Toyota started racing in Formula One with Toyota Team Europe, based in Cologne, Germany. Despite a huge investment, the team's performances have been considered average by fans and pundits alike.
In 2004, designer Mike Gascoyne was hired, but left the team midway through the 2006 season; by 2005 the team had advanced from the midfield to challenging for the top positions. Jarno Trulli achieved two second places and one third place in the first five races of the season, helping the team to retain second position in the Constructors Championship for several races. Jarno Trulli and Ralf Schumacher are the team's current drivers.
For 2007, Toyota will be supplying two teams, those being the works Toyota team and the Williams team.
Toyota also races the Toyota Tundra in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. Toyota will run over six teams in the Nextel Cup Series and Busch Series with the Camry in the start of the 2007 season.
[edit] TRD
Toyota Racing Development was brought about to help develop true high performance racing parts for many Toyota vehicles. TRD has often had much success with their aftermarket tuning parts, as well as designing technology for vehicles used in all forms of racing.
[edit] Shareholders
Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange under number 7203 (first section). Also on NYSE under NYSE: TM.
[edit] Holdings
Toyota reports on its consolidated financial statements 540 consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates.
- Toyota Motor North America (100% - 2004)
- Toyota Canada Inc. owned via Toyota Motor North America
- Daihatsu Motor Company (51.2% - March 31, 2005)
- Hino Motors (50.1% - March 31, 2005)
- Toyota Industries (23.5% - March 31, 2006)
- Aisin Seiki Co. (23.0% - March 31, 2005)
- DENSO (22.98% - March 31, 2005)
- Fuji Heavy Industries (8.7% - October 5, 2005)
- Isuzu Motors (5.9% - November 10, 2006)
[edit] Non-automotive activities
[edit] Robot
Toyota has been developing multitask robots destined for elderly care, manufacturing, and entertainment.
[edit] Finance
Toyota Financial Services Corporation provides financing to Toyota customers.
[edit] Agricultural biotechnology
Toyota invests in several small start-up businesses and partnerships in biotechnology, including:
- P.T. Toyota Bio Indonesia in Lampung, Indonesia
- Australian Afforestation Pty. Ltd. in Western Australia and Southern Australia
- Toyota Floritech Co., Ltd. in Rokkasho-Mura, Kamikita District, Aomori Prefecture
- Sichuan Toyota Nitan Development Co., Ltd. in Sichuan, China
- Toyota Roof Garden Corporation in Miyoshi-Cho, Aichi Prefecture
[edit] See also
- The Toyota Group
- List of Toyota vehicles
- List of Toyota engines
- List of Toyota transmissions
- EPA 2004 fuel economy report (Toyota)
- Toyota automobile collectibles
[edit] References
- 2005 Toyota Highlander Hybrid. Retrieved January 11, 2004 from CanadianDriver Communications, Inc. (2004)
- Toyota up close Sales figures of Toyota.
- Toyota becomes 3rd ranked US automaker behind GM and Ford Bloomberg Report.
- ^ Toyota's plan for Lexus is a reminder of its real goal (August 1 2005). Financial Times, p. 16.
- ^ Lexus and Toyota Models Rank Highest
- ^ Lexus Ranked First in Predicted Reliability for 2006 Models
[edit] External links
| Lexus — a luxury division of Toyota Motor Corp. — road vehicle timeline - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | 80s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Compact | IS 200/300 | IS 250/300/350/220d | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mid-size | ES 250 | ES 300 | ES 300 | ES 300/330 | ES 350 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| GS 300 | GS 300/400/430 | GS 300/430/450h/350/460 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Full-size | LS 400 | LS 400 | LS 430 | LS 460/460L/600h/600hL | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Crossover | RX 300 | RX 330/350/400h | RX 350/400h | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| JX 430/450h | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MCX | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SUV | GX 470 | GX 570 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| LX 450 | LX 470 | LX 570 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sport | SC 300/400 | SC 430 | SC 460 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| LF-A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| F Series | GS-F | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IS-F Coupe/Sedan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toyota in NASCAR | ||
| Nextel Cup teams | Bill Davis Racing | Michael Waltrip Racing | Team Red Bull | |
| Busch Series Teams | Biagi-DenBeste Racing | Braun-Akins Racing | Michael Waltrip Racing | |
| Craftsman Truck Series Teams | Bill Davis Racing | Darrell Waltrip Motorsports | Germain Racing | HT Motorsports | Red Horse Racing | Wyler Racing | |
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