Ton

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The word ton or tonne is derived from the Old English tunne, likely of Low Latin origin (as tunna), with the spelling 'tonne' introduced during the Middle English period subject to Old French influence. Originally meaning cask or barrel, it later came to specifically denote a cask with a capacity of 252 wine gallons, holding approximately 2100 pounds of water. Such a barrel (of any similar volume) is still called a tun in British English, but this usage is dying out.

The modern spelling tonne, almost always referring to the metric tonne of 1000 kilograms (or the associated obsolete force unit) when used in non-American English, is a direct borrowing from the French language.

Contents

[edit] Units of mass

There are three similar units of mass called the ton:

  1. long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United Kingdom which formerly used the Imperial system of weights and measures) is a weight ton or gross ton, and is 2,240 lb (exactly 1,016.0469088 kg). In the UK and most of the areas which used the Imperial system, the metric tonne (1000 kg), which it is conveniently very similar to—less than 2% difference—is the only form of ton legal for trade.
    • Increasingly, metric tonnes are being used rather than long tons in measuring the displacement of ships. See tonnage.
    • The long ton is used for petroleum products such as aviation fuel.
    • Deadweight ton (abbreviation 'dwt') for the capacity of a ship in the number of long tons (2,240 pounds). This measurement is also used in the U.S. tonnage of naval ships.
  2. short ton (usually called simply ton, in the USA or sometimes called a net ton) = 2000 lb (exactly 907.18474 kg).
  3. metric ton, usually referred to as a tonne, is 1000 kg (or 1 Mg).

Both the long ton and the short ton are composed of twenty hundredweights, each having different values for the hundredweight (112 and 100 pounds respectively). Prior to the 15th century in England, the ton was composed of 20 hundredweights, each of 108 lb, giving a ton of 2160 pounds.

Assay ton (abbreviation 'AT') is not a unit of measurement (nobody ever has x assay tons of something), but rather a standard quantity used in assaying ores of precious metals; it is 29 1/6 grams (short assay ton) or 32 2/3 grams (long assay ton), the amount which bears the same ratio to a milligram as a short/long ton bears to a troy ounce. In other words, the number of milligrams of a particular metal found in a sample of this size gives the number of troy ounces contained in a short/long ton of ore.

In documents which predate 1960 the word ton may be spelt tonne, however in more recent documents the spelling tonne refers exclusively to the metric tonne.

In the context of nuclear power plants, tHM and MTHM mean (metric) tonnes of heavy metal, and MTU means metric tonnes of uranium.

A dry ton or dry tonne has the same mass value, but the material (sludge, slurries, compost, and similar mixtures in which solid material is soaked with or suspended in water) has been dried to a relatively low, consistent moisture level (dry weight). If the material is in its natural, wet state, it is called a wet ton or wet tonne.

[edit] Common abbreviations

In the U.S. mining industry, 'T' is used to distinguish the traditional ton from the metric ton, but 'T' is also the SI symbol for the tesla. The symbol 't', traditionally used for the long or short ton, is now reserved for the metric ton.

[edit] Units of force

There are also the units of force based on each of these three mass units, but none are acceptable for use with SI. The tonne force, like the kilogram force, is no exception. Only the tonne as a unit of mass is acceptable for use with SI.

  • 1 short ton force = 2000 pounds-force (lbf) = 8.896443230521 kilonewtons (kN)
  • 1 long ton force = 2240 lbf = 9.96401641818352 kN
  • 1 tonne force = 1000 kgf = 9.80665 kN

[edit] Units of volume

Also see tonnage.

The freight ton or measurement ton is a unit of volume used for describing ship capacities (tonnage) or cargo. One measurement ton is equal to:

The measurement ton is abbreviated as M/T, MT, or MTON, which can cause it to be confused with the metric ton.

The register ton is also a unit of volume used for the cargo capacity of a ship, defined as 100 cubic feet (roughly 2.83 cubic metres). It is often abbreviated GRT for gross registered ton. It is known as a tonneau de mer in Belgium, but, in France, a tonneau de mer is 1.44 cubic metres or about 1.88 cubic yards.

The Panama Canal net ton, a unit of volume used for billing for ships going through the Panama Canal, is the same as the register ton. The fee for example in the 1990s was roughly a couple USD for each unit.

The water ton was formerly used in Great Britain and equal to 224 imperial gallons (the volume occupied by a mass of one long ton under the conditions which define the imperial gallon).

See 1 E-1 m³ and orders of magnitude (volume) for a comparison with other volumes.

(Note that volume tons are units of convenience used in shipping and are not useful in science except that they are exactly defined.)

[edit] Units of energy

[edit] ton of TNT

  • A ton [1 metric tonnes] of TNT or tonne of TNT is a unit of energy equal to 109 (thermochemical) calories, also known as a gigacalorie (Gcal), equal to 4.184 gigajoules (GJ).
  • A kiloton [1,000 metric tonnes] of TNT or kilotonne of TNT is a unit of energy equal to 1012 calories, also known as a teracalorie (Tcal), equal to 4.184 terajoules (TJ).
  • A megaton [1,000,000 metric tonnes] of TNT or megatonne of TNT is a unit of energy equal to 1015 calories, also known (infrequently) as a petacalorie (Pcal), equal to 4.184 petajoules (PJ).

Note that these are thermal calories (not capitalized). The dietary Calorie (capitalized) is equal to one thousand thermal calories.

Early values for the explosive energy released by trinitrotoluene (TNT) ranged from 900 to 1100 calories per gram. In order to standardise the use of the term TNT as a unit of energy, an arbitrary value was assigned based on 1000 calories (1 kcal, 4.184 kilojoules) per gram. Thus there is no longer a direct connection to the chemical TNT itself. It is now merely a unit of energy that happens to be expressed using words normally associated with mass (e.g. kilogram, tonne, pound) (IAEA references: [1], [2]). The definition applies for both spellings: ton of TNT and tonne of TNT.

Measurements in tons of TNT have been used primarily to express nuclear weapon yields, though they have also been used since in seismology as well.

See also: TNT equivalent

Sample terms:

'grams TNT' Symbol 'tons TNT' Symbol Energy
gram of TNT g 4.184 × 103 J
kilogram of TNT kg 4.184 × 106 J
megagram of TNT Mg ton of TNT t 4.184 × 109 J
gigagram of TNT Gg kiloton of TNT kt 4.184 × 1012 J
teragram of TNT Tg megaton of TNT Mt 4.184 × 1015 J
petagram of TNT Pg gigaton of TNT Gt 4.184 × 1018 J

[edit] ton of coal equivalent

  • A ton of coal equivalent or tonne of coal equivalent (TCE), a conventional value of 7 Gcal (IT) = 29.3076 GJ.

[edit] ton of oil equivalent

  • A ton of oil equivalent or tonne of oil equivalent (TOE), a conventional value of 10 Gcal (IT) = 41.868 GJ ≈ 10.0067 ton of TNT. See also GTOE.

[edit] Unit of power

  • In refrigeration and air-conditioning, a refrigeration ton can be:
    • The power required to cool 1 short ton of water by 1 °F every 10 minutes = 12 000 BTU/h ≈ 3 517 W
    • The power required to cool 1 long ton of water by 1 °F every 10 minutes = 13 440 BTU/h ≈ 3 939 W
    • A corresponding unit of energy equal to that power for a period of a day, or 24 h × 12 000 BTU/h = 288 000 BTU ≈ 303 900 000 J
    • The power required to freeze one short ton (2000 lb) in 24 hours.[1][2]

[edit] Use of the term as British Slang for a 'Hundred'

For many purposes, the word 'ton' is used in Britain as a short equivalent for one hundred (100) of anything. This has no connection to conventional submultiples of any unit of measurement called a ton. This slang term is not so used in the United States.

  • In money, a ton is slang for 100 GBP (pounds sterling) —this is a term with a London, England origin.
  • In darts, a ton (or ton up) is a score of 100 or more points with three darts.
  • In cricket, a ton is a score of 100 runs, typically referring to 100 runs by a single batsman.
  • In motor sports, the ton was a phrase used to approve of a motorcycle cafe racer who was able to attain a speed of 100 miles per hour on the motorway between transport cafes (US: rest areas). Early in the 20th century the usage was for someone able to drive a car at 100 miles an hour on the Brompton Road in central London, this became less common as traffic volumes built up.
  • During the Second World War, a bomber pilot, crew, or aircraft in the RAF which had flown a hundred missions was noted as having attained the ton.

[edit] Miscellaneous tons

  • Ton is also used informally to mean a large amount of something (material or not).
  • In motor vehicles, many trucks are classified into groups loosely related to their off-road carrying capacity, as 1/4-ton (the first Jeep was so classified), 1/2-ton, 3/4-ton, 2 1/2-ton (deuce-and-a-half in U.S. military slang), 5-ton, etc. Of course, the vehicles weigh much more than this, and according to military classification are allowed to carry double the cargo on roads.
    • Conversely in some cases the weight refers to the maximum gross road weight including cargo, for example a British 3.5-tonne van is the largest vehicle that can be legally driven on an ordinary driver's license.
  • The ton meant the upper levels of London society in the Regency period. Ton comes from the French word meaning tone, as used in the phrase bon ton - good manners and fashionable style.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ ton (of refrigeration). Sizes.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
  2. ^ Gérard P. Michon. Measurements and Units. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
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