Tofa language
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| Tofa Тоъфа дыл (Tòfa dıl) |
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| Spoken in: | Russia | |
| Region: | Irkutsk | |
| Total speakers: | ~30 | |
| Language family: | Altaic Turkic Northern Tofa |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | tyv | |
| ISO/FDIS 639-3: | kim | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Tofa, also known as Tofalar or Karagas, is one of the Turkic languages. It is a moribund language spoken in Russia's Irkutsk Oblast.
Tofa is most closely related to the Tuvan language and forms a dialect continuum with it, Tuha, and Tsengel Tuvan, which may be dialects of either Tuvan or Tofa. Tofa shares a number of innovations with these languages, including the change *d>z (as in *adaq > azak "foot") and the development of low tones on historically short vowels (as in *et > èt "meat, flesh").
[edit] Writing System
Tofa, although not widely written, employs a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ә ә |
| Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | I i | Й й | К к | Қ қ |
| Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р |
| С с | Т т | У у | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц |
| Ч ч | Ҷ ҷ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э |
| Ю ю | Я я |
The addtional letters in Tofa are Ғғ (ɣ), Әә (æ), Ii (iː), Ққ (q), Ңң (ŋ), Өө (œ), Үү (y), Һһ (h), and Ҷҷ (ʤ). Additionally, the letter Ъъ is sometimes used after a vowel to mark low tone, as in эът "meat".
[edit] References
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| West Turkic | |||
| Bolgar | Bolgar* | Chuvash | Hunnic* | Khazar* | ||
| Chagatay | Aini2| Chagatay* | Ili Turki | Lop | Uyghur | Uzbek | ||
| Kypchak | Baraba | Bashkir | Crimean Tatar1 | Cuman* | Karachay-Balkar | Karaim | Karakalpak | Kazakh | Kipchak* | Krymchak | Kumyk | Nogay | Tatar | Urum1 | ||
| Oghuz | Afshar | Azerbaijani | Crimean Tatar1 | Gagauz | Khorasani Turkish | Ottoman Turkish* | Pecheneg* | Qashqai | Salar | Turkish | Turkmen | Urum1 | ||
| East Turkic | |||
| Khalaj | Khalaj | ||
| Kyrgyz-Kypchak | Altay | Kyrgyz | ||
| Uyghur | Chulym | Dolgan | Fuyü Gïrgïs | Khakas | Northern Altay | Shor | Tofa | Tuvan | Western Yugur | Sakha / Yakut | ||
| Old Turkic* | |||
| Notes: 1 Listed in more than one group, 2 Mixed language, * Extinct | |||
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