Timeline of Haitian history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a timeline of the history of Haiti.

Contents

[edit] Colonial era

1492
Christopher Columbus lands near today's city of Cap-Haïtien and claims the island for Spain, naming it Hispaniola
1503
The first Africans are brought to Hispaniola for labor[1]
1508
Ferdinand II of Aragon officially establishes Spain's African slave trade[1]
1528
Don Sebastián Ramirez de Fuente becomes the first Catholic bishop of the island[1]
1625
The French settle Tortuga Island and northwestern Hispaniola, naming their colony Saint-Domingue[1]
mid-1600s
French settlements and plantations are established in coastal areas on the western third of the island
1665
The city of Port-de-Paix is founded on the northwest coast by French settlers[2]
1670
Louis XIV of France authorizes African slave trade in Saint-Domingue[2]
1685
The Code Noir is enacted by Louis XIV of France, regulating slavery in Saint-Domingue and the rest of the French colonial empire[2]
1697
Under the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick, Spain cedes the western third of Hispaniola to France[2]
1700s
The French colony of Saint Domingue is the most lucrative colony in the world, at this time, more lucrative than the 13 Colonies. Its slave-produced tropical crops -- sugar, rum, cotton, tobacco, and indigo -- generated great wealth. Near the end of the 18th century, 500,000 to 700,000 people, mainly of western African origin, were enslaved by the French.
1749
The city of Port-au-Prince is founded by Charles Burnier, Marquis of Larnage and named the capital of Saint-Domingue[2]
1751
Slave rebellions in northern Saint-Domingue, led by Mackandal, begin, they last until 1757[3]
1758
Leader of the slave rebellions, Mackandal, is captured and publicly executed in Cap-Français[3]
1778
Volunteer Haitian slaves, led by French admiral Count d'Estaing, leave for Savannah, Georgia to fight against the British in the American Revolutionary War[3]

[edit] Revolutionary era

1791
February 25: Vincent Ogé and Jean-Baptiste Chavannes, proponents of equal rights for free blacks and mulattos and leaders of an armed rebellion, are publicly executed in Cap-Français[4]
August 7: The Conseil des Représentants de la Commune is founded by affranchis to demand equal rights, Pinchinat is named president of the council[4]
August 14-August 15: The Haitian Revolution begins when Dutty Boukman holds a Vodou ceremony in Bois-Caïman, where hundreds of slaves vow to die for liberty[4]
August 20: A force of affranchis and slaves defeat the Europeans in the Battle of Pernier near Port-au-Prince[4]
August 22: Rebel leader Dutty Boukman is killed in a major revolt led by himself, Jean François, Georges Biassou, and Jeannot[4]
September 24: The Concordat de Damiens is signed, granting political rights to the affranchis[5]
November: The First Civil Commission, comprising Roume, Mirbeck, and Saint-Léger, arrives in Cap-Français to restore order[5]
1792
April 4: France's Legislative Assembly votes to give full citizenship and equal rights to all free people of color
September 18: The Second Civil Commission, comprising Sonthonax, Polvérel, and Ailhaud, arrives in Cap-Français to execute the law of April 4, 1792[5]
1793
April 12-April 13: A force led by the Second Civil Commission and affranchis defeat white colonists in a fight to enforce the law of April 4, 1792[5]
Toussaint Louverture offers his services as a military commander to the Spanish[5]
June 20-June 21: French colonial forces, under the authority of the Second Civil Commission, put down a revolt led by the white planter Galbaud[5]
Henri Christophe is promoted to captain of the French colonial forces[5]
British troops land in Saint-Domingue[5]
June: Toussaint Louverture, fighting for Spain, captures the city of Dondon[6]
August 13: Toussaint Louverture defeats the French general Desfourneaux at Ennery[6]
August 29: Sonthonax, without approval from the French government, declares the abolition of slavery in northern Saint-Domingue[6]
December 6: Toussaint Louverture captures Gonaïves for Spain[6]
1794
February 4: The French National Convention declares the abolition of slavery in all French colonies[6]
May: Toussaint Louverture leaves the Spanish and joins the French forces[6]
June 1: The British capture Port-au-Prince from Colonel Montbrun of the French[6]
October 21: Toussaint Louverture captures the cities of Saint-Michel and Saint-Raphaël for the French[6]
1795
October 13: Toussaint Louverture captures the city of Dondon a second time, this time for France[6]
October 14: The Treaty of Bâle is ratified, ending Spain's involvement in the conflict and surrendering the eastern part of Hispaniola to France[7]
1796
March 30: Toussaint Louverture rescues French commander Laveaux from mulatto rebel Villatte during the Villatte Affair; Laveaux appoints Toussaint as Lieutenant-Governor of Saint-Domingue[7]
May 11: The Third Civil Commission, comprising Sonthonax, Roume, Giraud, Leblanc, and Julien Raymond, arrives in Saint-Domingue to establish diplomatic relations between France and the colony[7]
1797
May 1: Sonthonax appoints Toussaint Louverture to Commander-in-Chief of the French colonial forces[7]
1798
April 20: General Hédouville arrives in Cap-Français, sent by the French government to oppose the ambition of Toussaint Louverture[7]
August 31: British general Maitland agrees to evacuate Môle Saint-Nicolas and surrender his troops to Toussaint Louverture[7]
1799
January 12: The generals of the colony, Toussaint, André Rigaud, Bauvais, and Laplume, meet in Port-au-Prince and name Toussaint the lead commander; Rigaud surrenders control of the southern cities of Léogâne, Grand-Goâve, Petit-Goâve, and Miragoâne.[8]
1801
January 27: Toussaint Louverture invades the eastern part of Hispaniola and captures Santo Domingo, declaring freedom for all slaves; Toussaint appoints a ten-member Central Assembly to issue a constitution[8]
July 8: The Constitution of 1801 is promulgated, naming Toussaint as Governor-General-for-Life[8]
1802
January 29: A French expeditionary force, sent by Napoleon Bonaparte and led by his brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, arrives in Samana Bay[8]
February 1: French vessels arrive at Cap-Français[8]
February 4: Henri Christophe burns Cap-Français to resist the French troops[8]
February 23: French forces defeat Toussaint Louverture at the Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres[8]
March 4: The Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot begins, it will last for 20 days and end with a French victory over Jean-Jacques Dessalines[9]
March: Toussaint Louverture is defeated by French forces[9]
May 6: Toussaint Louverture arrives in Cap-Français to negotiate his surrender to the French[9]
June 7: Toussaint Louverture is arrested by General Leclerc and shipped to France, where he is imprisoned[9]
October 13: Jean-Jacques Dessalines, now Commander-in-Chief of the revolutionary forces, meets with Alexandre Pétion in Haut-du-Cap to plan further military actions[9]
November 1-November 2: Commander of the French forces, General Leclerc, dies of yellow fever; he is succeeded by Rochambeau[9]
1803
April 7: Toussaint Louverture dies in the French prison of Fort de Joux[9]
May 18: The flag of Haiti is created during a meeting between Dessalines and Pétion in l'Arcahaie; it is sewn by Catherine Flon[9]
November 18: Haitian forces under Dessalines and Pétion defeat the French at the Battle of Vertières, the last major battle of the Revolution[10]
November 19: French general Rochambeau signs a document of surrender and agrees to evacuate French troops from Saint-Domingue; Rochambeau is later given as a prisoner to the British[10]
November 29: Dessalines' army arrives in Cap-Français; Christophe and Clerveaux issue a preliminary declaration of independence[10]
December 4: French forces surrender Môle Saint-Nicolas to Dessalines' army, officially ending French presence on the island[10]
1804
January 1: Dessalines, in Gonaïves, declares Haiti an independent nation and becomes Governor-General[10]
September 22: Dessalines proclaims himself Emperor of Haiti[10]
6 October: Dessalines becomes Emperor Jacques I in a coronation ceremony at Cap-Français[10]

[edit] 1805 - 1914

1805
May 20: Dessalines formulates the first constitution of Haiti as an independent country, the Imperial Constitution of 1805[11]
1806
October 17: Dessalines is assassinated at Pont-Rouge by disaffected leaders of his administration[11]
December 27-December 28: During a meeting at a cathedral in Port-au-Prince, the Constituent Assembly creates a new constitution and appoints Henri Christophe to a four-year term as President of the Republic of Haiti[11]
1807
January 1: The Battle of Sibert ends with the division of Haiti into the southern Republic of Haiti under Alexandre Pétion and the northern State of Haiti under Christophe[11]
February 17: Henri Christophe names himself President of the State of Haiti; a state council (7 generals and 2 civilians) appointed by Christophe meets in Cap-Haïtien and votes the Constitutional Act of Haiti[11]
March 9: Pétion is elected President of the Republic of Haiti by the Constituent Assembly under the Constitution of 1806[11]
1809
Louis XVIII of France sends a delegation to negotiate France's recognition of Haitian independence; Pétion meets with a French delegate, Dauxion-Lavaysse, and agrees to an indemnity payable to dispossessed French planters[12]
1811
March 9: Pétion is elected to a second four-year term as President of the Republic of Haiti[12]
March 26: Christophe proclaims himself King Henri I of the northern Haitian state, now known as the Kingdom of Haiti[12]
May 28: The Kingdom of Haiti promulgates the Royal Constitution of Henri I[12]
June 2: Christophe is coronated as King Henri I in Cap-Haïtien[12]
1812
February 24: The Kingdom of Haiti establishes a civil code, the Henri Code[12]
1814
November: Christophe refuses to negotiate with French delegate Franco de Medina concerning France's recognition of Haitian independence[12]
1816
June 2: Pétion promulgates the Republican Constitution[13]
October 8: Louis XVIII of France sends another delegation to negotiate France's recognition of Haitian independence; Pétion cuts off negotiation, Christophe declines to meet the delegates[13]
1818
March 29: Pétion, President of the Republic of Haiti, dies of fever[13]
March 30: Jean-Pierre Boyer, Chief of the Presidential Guard, is appointed President-for-Life of the Republic of Haiti[13]
1820
October 8: Christophe, King of the northern Haitian state, commits suicide[13]
October 26: Boyer promulgates the Republican Constitution in Christophe's northern state; northern and southern Haiti are unified[13]
1822
February 9: Boyer arrives in Santo Domingo and declares control over the entire island of Hispaniola[14]
1825
April 17: King Charles X of France signs an ordinance which conditionally recognizes the independence of Haiti and imposes a 150 million franc indemnity on the Haitian government[14]
July 3: A squadron of French ships arrives in Haiti to deliver the news of Charles X's ordinance of April 17 to President Boyer[14]
1831
September 22: The city of Pétionville, a suburb of Port-au-Prince named for Alexandre Pétion, is founded by Boyer[14]
1838
Haiti's remaining debt to France, 120 million francs, is reduced to 60 million francs[14]
1842
May 7: An earthquake stikes northern Haiti, destoying the city of Cap-Haïtien (1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake)[14]
1843
March 13: President Boyer is overthrown and flees to Paris in exile[15]
September 18: The Constituent Assembly begins formulating the Constitution of 1843; it will take more than three months to finish[15]
December 31: The Constitution of 1843 is released and Charles Riviere-Hérard is appointed President of Haiti[15]
1844
February 28: The Dominican Republic declares its independence from Haiti[15]
April 4: The Piquets, peasants of southern Haiti led by Jean-Jacques Acaau, revolt against the government[15]
May 3: The Piquets force Riviere-Hérard into exile; Philippe Guerrier is appointed President of Haiti[15]
1845
April 15-April 16: President Guerrier dies in office; the State Council appoints Jean-Louis Pierrot President of Haiti[15]
1846
March 1: President Pierrot is overthrown; Jean-Baptiste Riché becomes President of Haiti[16]
1847
Haitian historian Thomas Madiou publishes the first volume of his seminal work Histoire d'Haïti ("History of Haiti")[16]
February 27: President Riché dies in office[16]
March 1: Faustin Élie Soulouque is elected President of Haiti[16]
1852
April 18: President Faustin Soulouque is crowned Emperor Faustin I of Haiti[16]
1858
December: Forces led by Fabre Geffrard defeat Emperor Faustin's Imperial Army[16]
1859
January 13: Fabre Geffrard is elected President of Haiti[16]
1860
March 28: Haiti and the Vatican sign an agreement which divides Haiti into five dioceses[17]
1862
The United States recognizes Haiti
December 15: Rhum Barbancourt is first produced[17]
1865
Céligny Ardouin's eleven-volume work on the history of Haiti, Essais sur l'Histoire d'Haïti, is published[17]
1867
President Geffrard is forced to flee the country[17]
Sylvain Salnave is elected President of Haiti[17]
The Constitution of 1867 is voted[17]
1869
The National Assembly elects Nissage Saget to a four-year term as President of Haiti after the overthrow of Salnave[17]
1870
Haitian writer Demesvar Delorme publishes the essay "Les Théoriciens au Pouvoir", which maintains that political power should be in the hands of the intellectual elite[17]
1874
Saget relinquishes the Presidency; the Constituent Assembly elects Michel Domingue as President[18]
President Domingue promulgates the Constitution of 1874[18]
1875
President Domingue signs a treaty of peace and friendship with the Dominican Republic[18]
1876
President Domingue is overthrown; the Constituent Assembly elects Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal to a four-year term as President[18]
1879
The Constituent Assembly elects Lysius Salomon as President; President Salomon would institute many reforms and pay off Haiti's remaining debt to France for independence[18]
1880
The National Bank of Haiti (or Haitian Central Bank) is founded by President Salomon[18]
1882
Port-au-Prince and Haiti are dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help during a mass in Bel Air[18]
1883
Haitian poet Oswald Durand composes his most famous work, Choucoune[19]
1884
Haitian writer Louis-Joseph Janvier publishes the article "L'Egalité des Races", which proclaims the equality of the races[19]
1885
Haitian writer Anténor Firmin publishes the book De l'Égalité des Races Humaines, which proclaims the equality of the races[19]
1888
President Salomon is overthrown; the Constituent Assembly installs a provisional goverment[19]
The Constituent Assembly elects François Denys Légitime to the presidency[19]
1889
President Légitime is overthrown; the Constituent Assembly installs a provisional goverment[19]
The Constituent Assembly elects Florvil Hyppolite to a seven-year term as president[19]
1893
Haitian writer Hannibal Price publishes De la Réhabilitation de la Race Noire par la République d'Haïti ("On the Rehabilitation of the Black Race by the Republic of Haiti") in response to Spencer St. John's Hayti or the Black Republic[19]
1896
President Hyppolite dies of a heart attack; Tirésias Simon Sam is elected to a seven-year term as president[20]
1902
President Simon Sam resigns; Pierre Nord Alexis becomes president[20]
1904
January 1: Haiti celebrates 100 years of independence[20]
1908
Pierre Nord Alexis withdraws from the presidency; the Constituent Assembly appoints François C. Antoine Simon president[20]
1911
President Antoine Simon cedes the presidency to Cincinnatus Leconte[20]
1912
January 30: The Haitian Federation of Soccer is created[20]
August 5: The Haitian American Sugar Company is founded[20]
August 8: President Leconte and 300 soldiers are killed in an explosion at the National Palace; the Constituent Assembly appoints Tancrède Auguste president[21]
1913
President Auguste dies during a visit to northern Haiti[21]
Senator Michel Oreste is elected president by the Constituent Assembly[21]
1914
President Oreste is overthrown and succeeded by Oreste Zamor[21]
President Zamor is overthrown and succeeded by Joseph Davilmar Théodore[21]

[edit] American occupation

1915
President Théodore resigns and is succeeded by Vilbrun Guillaume Sam[21]
July 28: Three thousand United States Marines, led by Admiral William B. Caperton, enter Port-au-Prince; beginning of the 19 year U.S. occupation of Haiti[21]
August 12: Senator Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave is elected by the Constituent Assembly to a seven-year term as president[21]
1919
April 12: The Haitian government undertakes a monetary reform with the National Bank of Haiti[21]
October 31-November 1: Charlemagne Péralte, leader of the resistance against U.S. occupation, is assassinated[21]
1920
Haitian writer Leon Laleau publishes his first compilation of poems, A Voix Basse[22]
1921
January 24: President Dartiguenave addresses United States President Warren G. Harding concerning the needs of the Haitian people[22]
April 12: United States President Harding responds to President Dartiguenave[22]
1922
April 10: Louis Bornó is elected to a four-year term as president by the State Council[22]
May 15: President Dartiguenave's term ends; Louis Bornó is sworn into office[22]
December 28: The Central School of Agriculture (Ecole Centrale d'Agriculture) is founded in Damien[22]
1926
President Bornó is re-elected by the State Council and makes a diplomatic trip to the United States[22]
Haitian writer Leon Laleau publishes his second compilation of poems, La Flèche au Cœur[22]
1928
Haitian writer Jean Price-Mars publishes his acclaimed novel Ainsi Parla l'Oncle ("So spoke the Uncle")[22]
Leon Laleau publishes two more compilations of poems, Le Rayon des Jupes and Abréviations[23]
1929
January 21: Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign an agreement settling the border between the two countries[23]
1930
February 28: The Forbes Commission, sent by U.S. president Herbert Hoover to investigate Haiti's political situation, arrives in the country[23]
April 21: Louis Eugène Roy is designated temporary president by state decree[23]
November 18: Senator Sténio Vincent is elected to a six-year term as president[23]
December 10: Fietta, the first Apostolic Nuncio (diplomatic representative of the Roman Catholic Church) to Haiti, arrives in Port-au-Prince[23]
1931
Jacques Roumain publishes his acclaimed novel Gouverneurs de la Rosée ("Masters of the Dew")[23]
August 5: The U.S. agrees to hand over control of the Offices of Public Works, Health, Agriculture and Education to the Haitian government[23]
December 15 - December 17: The fiftieth anniversary of the dedication of Port-au-Prince to the Virgin Mary is commemorated, led by Archbishop Joseph Legouaze[24]
1933
August 7: The governments of Haiti and the United States sign an agreement on the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the country and the end of the U.S. occupation[24]
October 18: President Vincent of Haiti and President Rafael Leónidas Trujillo of the Dominican Republic meet for diplomatic talks in Ouanaminthe in northeastern Haiti, near the Dominican border[24]
1934
July 5: President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt visits Cap-Haïtien[24]
August 14: Last American forces withdraw from Haiti, ending the U.S. occupation[24]
August 21: The flag of Haiti is raised at Casernes Dessalines, where it was lowered nineteen years earlier at the start of the U.S. occupation[24]

[edit] 1935 - 1956

1935
May 16: A new constitution is released, reinforcing the authority of the executive branch of government and renewing President Sténio Vincent's mandate for five more years[24]
1939-1940
Haiti's national library, the Bibliothèque Nationale d'Haïti is organized[25]
1941
April 14: Élie Lescot is elected to a five-year term as president[25]
May 15: President Vincent's term ends; Élie Lescot takes office[25]
1944
May 7: The Cathedral of Cap-Haïtien is consecrated after 100 years of restoration work[25]
May 14: The Centre d'Art is founded; it exhibits important Haitian art works[25]
1946
A military coup forces President Lescot to resign; the newly-created Executive Military Committee appoints Dumarsais Estimé president[25]
1948
February 16: The government-owned tobacco company Régie du Tabac et des Allumettes is founded[25]
1949
December 8: The bicentennial of Port-au-Prince's founding is celebrated; a World's Fair, the Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince, is held[26]
1950
May 10: Dumarsais Estimé reliinquishes the presidency and is replaced by a provisional government[26]
October 8: Presidential and legislative elections are held; Colonel Paul Magloire becomes the first president of Haiti to be elected directly by the people, the Delegates, and the Senators[26]
December 6: Paul Magloire is sworn in as president[26]
1951
President Magloire of Haiti and President Trujillo of the Dominican Republic meet for diplomatic talks[26]
The Haitian Institute of Statistics (Institut Haïtien de Statistique) and the Haitian Institute of Farming and Industrial Credit (Institut Haïtien de Crédit Agricole et Industriel) are established by the government[26]
1953
May 31: Father Rémy Augustin, the first native Haitian bishop, is consecrated at the Cathedral of Port-au-Prince[26]
1954
January 1-January 4: The 150th anniversary of Haiti's independence from France is celebrated in Gonaïves; monuments to the "heroes of independence" are inaugurated in Port-au-Prince[27]
1955
January 26-February 17: President Magloire and his wife travel to the United States, Canada, and Jamaica[27]
March 3-March 5: President of the United States Richard Nixon and his wife visit Haiti[27]
1956
President Magloire relinquishes the presidency; President of the Supreme Court Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis becomes provisional president of Haiti[27]

[edit] Duvalier era

1957
François "Papa Doc" Duvalier becomes President of Haiti
1958-1964
Duvalier attacks his opponents violently, driving many of them into exile
1964
Papa Doc declares himself "President-for-Life"
1971
François Duvalier dies and is succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier.
1970s-1980s
Thousands of Haitians flee poverty and repression in Haiti by boat, often arriving in south Florida.
1986
Widespread protests against repression force Baby Doc to flee Haiti on February 7th. The U.S. Air Force flies him to exile in France. A military junta, headed by Generals Henri Namphy and Williams Regala, takes power.
1987
In July, big landowners (grandons) massacre hundreds of peasants demanding land in Jean-Rabel. In November, presidential elections are canceled after Army soldiers and former Tonton Macoutes massacre dozens of would-be voters.
1988
In January Christian Democrat Leslie Manigat is elected in military-run elections boycotted by the Haitian people and most candidates. In June he is overthrown in military coup by Gen. Namphy. In September Namphy is overthrown by Gen. Prosper Avril.

[edit] Aristide era

1990
President/General Prosper Avril declares a state of siege in January. Rising protests convince Avril to resign in March. A Provisional Government led by Supreme Court Justice Ertha Pascal-Trouillot is formed. Democratic elections take place on December 16, 1990. Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, well known throughout the country for his support of the poor, is elected President with 67.5% of the counted popular vote. The "U.S. favorite" Marc Bazin finishes a distant second with 14.2% .
1991
In January, a coup by former Tonton Macoutes head Roger Lafontant is foiled after tens of thousands pour into the streets of the capital, surrounding the National Palace. Aristide is sworn in as president February 7. On September 30, a military coup deposes Aristide, who goes into exile first in Venezuela, then in the United States.
1991-1994
Thousands of Haitians flee violence and repression in Haiti by boat. Although most are repatriated to Haiti by the U.S. government, many enter the United States as refugees.
1994
The de facto military government resigns at the request of the United States in September, which then sends in troops to occupy Haiti. This occupation is sanctioned by the United Nations. The U.S. returns Aristide as president October 15.
1995
The U.S. nominally hands over military authority to the United Nations but maintains effective control of the occupation. Aristide dissolves the Haitian army. In December, former prime minister René Préval is elected president.
1996
Aristide leaves office on February 7th and is succeeded by René Préval.
2000
Legislative, municipal and local elections are held in May. The OAS disputes how the sovereign electoral council calculates the run-offs for eight Senate seats. In November, Aristide is reelected for a second five-year term with 92% of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition. The last UN peacekeeping forces withdraw from Haiti.
2001
Aristide succeeds Préval for a second five-year term.
2001-2003
With Washington's support, Aristide's bourgeois opponents use the OAS challenge to the 2000 elections to increase economic and political instability. Former Haitian soldiers carry out guerrilla attacks, primarily along the Dominican border and in the capital.
2004
Haiti's 200th anniversary of independence.
2004
Feb 4. A revolt breaks out in the city of Gonaïves, with a local militia hostile to Aristide capturing the city and driving out the police force.
2004
Feb 22. Rebels capture Haiti's second-largest city, Cap-Haitien, after just a few hours of fighting, claiming their biggest prize in a two-week uprising that has driven government forces from most of the country's north.
2004
Feb 29. Aristide resigns from office and flees the country. Boniface Alexandre is inaugurated as interim president.

[edit] 2004 to present day

2004
March to May. UN Resolution 1529 authorizes a three month multinational interim peacekeeping force. It consists of troops from France, Canada, Chile and the U.S.
2004
September. Hurricane Jeanne kills over 700.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 25
  2. ^ a b c d e P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 26
  3. ^ a b c P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 27
  4. ^ a b c d e P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 28
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 29
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 30
  7. ^ a b c d e f P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 31
  8. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 32
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 33
  10. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 34
  11. ^ a b c d e f P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 35
  12. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 36
  13. ^ a b c d e f P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 37
  14. ^ a b c d e f P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 38
  15. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 39
  16. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 40
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 41
  18. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 42
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 43
  20. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 44
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 45
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 46
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 47
  24. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 48
  25. ^ a b c d e f g
  26. ^ a b c d e f g P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 50
  27. ^ a b c d P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 51

[edit] References

  • Schutt-Ainé, Patricia, Staff of Librairie Au Service de la Culture (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture, pp. 25-58. ISBN 0-9638599-0-0.

[edit] External link

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