Tikal
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- This article is about the ruined city. For other uses, see Tikal (disambiguation).
Tikal (or Tik’al, according to the more current orthography) is the largest of the ancient ruined cities of the Maya civilization. It is located in the El Petén department of Guatemala at . Now part of Guatemala's Tikal National Park, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular tourist spot.
The closest large towns are Flores and Santa Elena, about 30 kilometers away.
The ruins lay on lowland rainforest. Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic ceiba (Ceiba pentandra) the sacred tree of the Maya; tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata), and mahogany (Swietenia). Regarding the fauna, agouti, spider monkeys, howler monkeys, ocellated turkeys, guans, toucans, green parrots and leaf-cutting ants can be seen there regularly. Jaguars and coatis are said to roam in the park.
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[edit] Tikal in the Classic era
Tikal was one of the major cultural and population centers of the Maya civilization. Monumental architecture was built here as early as the 4th century BC. The city was at its height in the Maya Classic Period, approximately 200 AD to 850 AD, after which no new major monuments were built, some of the palaces of the elite were burned, and the population gradually declined until the site was abandoned by the end of the 10th century.
The name "Tikal" means "Place of Voices" or "Place of Tongues" in Maya, which may be an ancient name for the city, although the ancient hieroglyphs usually refer to it as Mutal or Yax Mutal, meaning "Green Bundle", and perhaps metaphorically "First Prophecy".
Scholars estimate that at its peak its population was between 100,000 -- 200,000.
[edit] The site
The site presents hundreds of significant ancient buildings, only a fraction of which have been excavated in the decades of archaeological work.
The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large Mesoamerican step pyramids supporting temples on their tops. They were numbered sequentially by early surveys of the site. They were built during the city's height from the late 7th and early 9th century. Temple I (also known as the Temple of Ah Cacau or Temple of the Great Jaguar) was built around 695; Temple III in 810; The largest, Temple-pyramid IV, some 72 meters (230 feet) high, was dedicated in 720. Temple V is from about 750. Temple VI was dedicated in 766.
The ancient city also has the remains of royal palaces, in addition to a number of smaller pyramids, palaces, residences, and inscribed stone monuments. There is even a building which seemed to have been a jail, originally with wooden bars across the windows and doors. There are also several courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame.
The residential area of Tikal covers an estimated 60 square km (23 square miles), much of which has not yet been cleared or excavated.
Some of the pyramids of Tikal are over 60 meters high (200 feet).
A huge set of earthworks has been discovered ringing Tikal with a 6 meter wide trench behind a rampart. Only some 9km of it has been mapped; it may have enclosed an area of some 125 km square (see below).
Recently, a project exploring the earthworks has shown that the scale of the earthworks is highly variable and that in many places it is inconsequential as a defensive feature. In addition, some parts of the earthwork were integrated into a canal system. The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought.
 View of pyramids. |
 Engraved altar. |
 Engraved stelae. |
 Pyramid steps. |
 Partially excavated pyramid. |
 Pyramid steps. |
 Stone engravings. |
 Large stone mask. |
 View of central plaza. |
[edit] Ancient history of Tikal
Tikal dominated the central Maya lowlands, but was often at war. Inscriptions tell of many alliances and wars with other Maya states, including with Uaxactun, Caracol, Naranjo, and Calakmul.
[edit] Rulers
Known rulers of Tikal include:
King of Tikal from wooden lintel in Temple III
Depicting either "Yax Nuun Ayin II" or "Dark Sun"
- Yax Ehb' Xook c. 60 - dynastic founder
- Siyaj Chan K'awil Chak Ich'aak ("Stormy Sky I") 2nd century
- Yax Ch’aktel Xok c. 200
- Balam Ajaw ("Decorated Jaguar") 292
- K'inich Ehb' c. 300
- Ix Une' B'alam ("Queen Jaguar") 317
- "Leyden Plate Ruler" 320
- K'inich Muwaan Jol - died 359
- Chak Toh Ich’ak I ("Jaguar Paw I") c.360 - 378 - His palace, unusually, was never built over by later rulers, and was kept in repair for centuries as an apparent revered monument. He died on the same day that Siyah K'ak' arrived in Tikal.
- Nun Yax Ayin a noble from Teotihuacan, was installed on Tikal's throne in 379 by Siyah K'ak', ruled to 411
- Siyah Chan K'awil II ("Stormy Sky II") 411-456
- K'an-Ak ("Kan Boar") 458-486
- Ma'Kin-na Chan late 5th century
- Chak Tok Ich'aak (Bahlum Paw Skull) 486-508 married "Lady Hand"
- Ix Yo K'in ("Lady Tikal") 511-527
- Kalomte' Balam ("Curl-Head", "19th Lord") c. 511-527
- Wak Chan K'awil ("Double-Bird") - 537-562
- "Lizard Head II" - lost a battle with Caracol in 562
- K'inich Waaw 593-628
- K'inich Wayaan - early/mid 7th century
- K'inich Muwaan Jol II - early/mid 7th century
- Jasaw Chan K'awiil I (a.k.a. Ruler A, Ah Cacao) 682-734 - entombed in great temple-pyramid I; his queen Lady Twelve Macaw (d. 704) is entombed in temple-pyramid II. Triumphed in war with Calakmul in 711.
- Yik’in Chan Kawil; His wife was Shana'Kin Yaxchel Pacal "Green Jay on the Wall" of Lakamha 734-766
- "Temple VI Ruler" 766-768
- Yax Nuun Ayiin II ("Chitam") 768-790
- "Dark Sun" c. 810
- "Jewel K'awil" 849
- Jasaw Chan K'awiil II 869-889
(English language names are provisional nicknames based on their identifying glyphs, where rulers' Maya language names have not yet been definitively deciphered phonetically.)
[edit] Modern history of Tikal
As is often the case with huge ancient ruins, knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region. Some second- or third-hand accounts of Tikal appeared in print starting in the 17th century, continuing through the writings of John Lloyd Stephens in the early 19th century. Due to the site's remoteness from modern towns, however, no scientific expedition visited Tikal until 1848. Several other expeditions came to further investigate, map, and photograph Tikal in the 19th and early 20th century.
In 1951 a small airstrip was built at the ruins, which previously could only be reached by several days travel through the jungle on foot or mule. From 1956 through 1970 major archeological excavations were made by the University of Pennsylvania. In 1979 the Guatemalan government began a further archeological project at Tikal, which continues to this day.
[edit] Popular culture
- Tikal was used as background scenery of the Rebel base on Yavin 4 in the film Star Wars.
- The character Tikal the Echidna from the videogame Sonic Adventure is named after the ruins.
- Tikal is a level of the game of Fantastic Four
- Tikal is the name of a board game by Rio Grande Games.
- The song Temple of the Cat by musician Arjen Anthony Lucassen makes reference to the Jaguar Temple and the city of Tikal. Samples on the song come from a Maya festival.
- Tikal appears in the videogame Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis.
[edit] External links
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