The Third Reich and the Arab East
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The Third Reich and the Arab East is a 1963 book by Łukasz Hirszowicz. It is a history of the interaction between nations and individuals of the Arab Middle East and the Axis Powers, primarily Nazi Germany.
It was first published in Warsaw as III Rzesza i Arabski wschód in 1963. The translation from Polish was published by Routledge and Kegan Paul Limited, in Great Britain, and University of Toronto Press, in Canada, as a 403-page hardcover in 1966.
[edit] Contents
| Chapter | Section | Subjects |
|---|---|---|
| The Great Powers and the Arab East | Expansion of the Great Powers in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries | Competition for dominance between Great Britain, France, and Russia. Germany's penetration of the Ottoman Empire and the Baghdad railway project. |
| Plans for partition of the Ottoman Empire during World War I | Britain's alliance with Arab nationalism; establishment of relations with Sherif Husein ibn Ali. The Balfour Declaration. Germany's inability to utilize Arab nationalism due to its alliance with Turkey. | |
| Partition of the Arab lands after World War I | Dividing of influence over Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, the Sudan, Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula, and Palestine between Britain and France. Beginning of the British mandate period over Palestine. | |
| Italy and Germany in the Arab East | The rise of Arab nationalist sympathy for the new ways of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (Pan-Arabists in Iraq, Hajj Amin el-Huseini in Palestine, Ahmed Husein's Misr el-Fatat in Egypt, the Futuwwa in Iraq, and the Syrian National party led by Antun Saadah). | |
| Nazi Germany and the Peel Commission | Outbreak of the Arab rebellion in Palestine | Resistance to Zionist immigration and desire for a National Government. |
| The Royal Commission report | Proposal for partition into a Jewish state and Arab state. | |
| German interests in Palestine | Nazi Germany's early facilitation of emigration of German Jews to Palestine; setting up of Haavara. German colonies of Reichsdeutsche in Palestine. | |
| Portents of a turn in German policy | Shifts toward a negative attitude to a Jewish state; decision to strengthen "the Arab world as a counterweight against" the power of "world Jewry." | |
| Arab endeavours to gain German support | Appeals made by Arab nationalists to German envoys for support on the Palestine question. | |
| Germany's political motives | Hitler's primary concern for European matters, and reluctance to conflict with Great Britain by venturing too far into Middle Eastern affairs. | |
| The course taken by Germany | Caution and secrecy in supporting Arab nationalism. | |
| Repercussions of the Czechoslovak Crisis and Understanding with Turkey | Increased tension in international relations and the situation in the Arab East | Post Munich change in German attitude toward aiding Arab rebels. |
| Germany and Saudi Arabia | ||
| Grobba's trip to Jidda | 17 January 1939 flight of German envoy. | |
| Negotiations on the sale of arms to Saudi Arabia | Khalid al-Hud al-Qarqani's trips to Germany. | |
| Ibn Saud's relation to England | ||
| Outbreak of War | The Allies and the Arab countries | |
| The situation in Syria and Lebanon | Suspension of the Constitutions. Outlawing of Communist and Pro-Fascist parties. | |
| The situation in Palestine | Jewish support for Britain. | |
| Egypt's position | Severing of diplomatic relations with Germany and internment of German citizens. | |
| Iraq's position | ||
| King Ibn Saud's position | ||
| Germany and the Arab countries | Retaliatory internment of Egyptians in Germany. | |
| The Fall of France and the Declarations of October 23rd/December 5th, 1940 | Fall of the Ail Maher-pasha Government | |
| Iraq's new Government | ||
| Naji Shawkat's trip to Turkey | ||
| Diplomatic activity in Baghdad | ||
| Haddad's negotiations with the Germans | Osman Kemal Haddad's visit with von Papen. | |
| The Italian viewpoint and the October 23rd, 1940 declaration | ||
| Arab reservations | ||
| Iraq on the Eve of Rebellion | German plans in the Mediterranean | Hitler's hope to conquer Gibraltar and capture Marsa Matruh. Italy's invasion of Greece. |
| Italy's defeats and Directive 22 | ||
| Situation in the Arab countries | Anti-Government demonstrations. | |
| Political strife in Iraq | Sir Basil Newton's mission to Iraq. | |
| Rashid Ali's demands; Haddad's second trip | ||
| The Germans and the Iraq Revolt | Von Hentig's mission to Syria | |
| Problem of supplying arms to Iraq | ||
| Italy's position on developing action in Iraq | The Italian Government's refraining from granting guarantees of Arab independence. | |
| Woermann's memorandum of March 7, 1941 | ||
| The Middle East and Operation 'Barbarossa' | ||
| Ribbentrop's decision; Weizsäcker's letter to the ex-Mufti of Jerusalem | ||
| Further decisions: propaganda, Abwehr, Syria | ||
| Uprising in Iraq | The coup d'état in Baghdad | |
| International causes of the coup | ||
| British policy in Iraq (April 1941) | ||
| The Axis and Iraq's demands | ||
| Problems of supplying Iraq with arms | ||
| Decision to aid Iraq | Hitler's May 3 agreement with Ribbentrop to assist el-Kilani's Government. | |
| Hostilities in Iraq | ||
| Turkish mediation | ||
| Grobba's mission | Ribbentrop's sending of Grobba to Baghdad to rally the entire Arab world to revolt. | |
| The Paris Protocols | Darlan's meeting and agreement with Hitler. | |
| Rahn's mission | Abetz's sending of Rahn to Syria to the supply of French arms to Iraq. | |
| German aid | ||
| War operations | ||
| Rashid Ali's defeat | ||
| Germany and the Syrian Campaign | Germany and Vichy after the Paris protocols | Debate within the Vichy Government over the level of collaboration. |
| Again the problem of German aid | ||
| Turkey and the war in Syria | ||
| German activities among Arabs | German organization of Arab fighting units. Fawzi el-Qawuqji. | |
| Hostilities and armistice | Defeat of the Vichy forces in Syria by the British-Gaullist side. | |
| Spread of the War and Nazi Arab Policy | The military and political situation after the attack on the U.S.S.R. | Arab nationalist hostility toward the Anglo-Soviet alliance. |
| Significance of the conflict in the Mediterranean | ||
| Strategic plans following 'Barbarossa' | Plans to invade Afghanistan, Persia, and India | |
| Failure of 'Barbarossa' and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor | ||
| 1942 | Freeing of Soviet prisoners of the Muslim faith by the Germans. Establishment of contact with Subhas Chandra Bose. Division of labor in Auswärtiges Amt: Wilhelm Keppler in charge of Indian affairs and the Indian Legion; Dr. Fritz Grobba, assisted by Adam von Falkenstein, to handle Iraqi affairs and steady communications with Sonderstab F and the Arab leaders Hajj Amin el-Huseini, Rashid Ali el-Kilani, and Fawzi el-Qawuqji (who had arrived in Europe); Otto von Hentig with Pan-Turanianism, Iranian nationalists, and the Egyptian ex-Khedive, Abbas Hilmi. Considerations of synchronising war operations with Japan. | |
| From Tehran to Berlin | Difficulties of getting Pro-Axis Arab leaders (like Hajj Amin el-Huseini and Rashid Ali el-Kilani) to Europe. | |
| New Declarations on Arab Questions | Summer of 1941 | Efforts toward getting a declaration from Germany on a 'Free India' and recognition of Arab national demands. |
| The Mufti's arrival and the Italian draft declaration | El-Huseni's meeting with Mussolini and Ciano. Italian draft of a declaration of support for the Arab fight for independence from England and elimination of the Jewish national home in Palestine. | |
| French and Turkish objections | ||
| Hitler's standpoint | Hitler's consideration of the effect of strengthening the support for de Gaulle a declaration on Syria would have. His promise to the Mufti to issue a declaration when German troops reached the Southern Caucasus. | |
| Further attempts at a declaration | Promise to El-Kilani that he would be the Premier of liberated Iraq. Japanese suggestion for a tri-power declaration on India and the Arab countries. | |
| The exchange of letters | Efforts to settle questions of a treaty between the Axis and Iraq. Letters between Rashid Ali and Count Ciano, and Rashid Ali and von Ribbentrop. | |
| The Axis Egypt Offensive | The war situation in the spring and summer of 1942 | Assignment of Field-Marshal Kesselring as commander of the Southern Front. Hitler's belief in the need for bases in Tunisia. Rommel's advances. |
| German-Egyptian contacts | Egyptian belief that the Germans were liberators, unlike the Italians. | |
| Coup d'état in Egypt | ||
| The Germans and Egypt | ||
| The question of an occupational régime | German invasion | |
| The Axis rout in Egypt | ||
| The Arab Legion and Mufti-Kilani Dispute | Deutsch-arabische Lehrabteilung | |
| Disputes over the Arab Legion | Italian insistence of its primacy in Arab affairs. | |
| Controversy on using DAL | ||
| Struggle for leadership | ||
| Germany and Italy on the Mufti's ambitions | Nazi racial perspective on the Mufti as a Circassian type, showing Aryan ancestry in his appearance (red-bearded and blue-eyed) and character (consistency and systematic struggle against the English and the Jews). | |
| The Mufti's arguments | ||
| Results of Ettel's trip | SS-Obergruppenfüher Erwin Ettel. | |
| Epilogue in Tunisia | Occupation of Tunisia | |
| Admiral Estéva | Jean Pierre Estéva | |
| Occupation of Bizerta | ||
| Problem of the rear | ||
| Extreme collaborationists | Doriot, Darnand, and Jacques Guilbaud (leader of the Committee for Unity of Revolutionary Action, or CUAR) | |
| The French administration | ||
| Organization of French detachments | ||
| Italian ambitions in Tunisia | ||
| Italy's situation in 1942-3 | ||
| Conference in Rome | ||
| German propaganda in the Maghreb | ||
| A letter to the Bey | Letter from the Mufti to the Bey of Tunis. | |
| The Mufti's proposition | ||
| Germany, Italy and the Mufti's plans | ||
| Attempts at an understanding with Bourguiba | ||
| The Axis and Tunisian nationalists | ||
| Revival of the national movement | ||
| The Axis and Bey's court | ||
| Bourguiba's return | ||
| The Wehrmacht's Arab soldiers | ||
| Arab recruitment in Tunisia | ||
| German expectations in Tunisia | ||
| War operations | ||
| Last days of the Axis occupation | ||
| Conclusion | The Arab lands and exiles in 1942 | |
| The question of a declaration | ||
| The Mufti's further activity | ||
| Power politics and the national movement | ||
| Racism and the 'European Idea' | ||
| Exigencies of war | ||
| Notes | ||
| Chronology | Four-part list of significant events in the world, the middle east, war operations in the middle east and north Africa, and in German-Arab relations | |
| Bibliography | ||
| Index |
