The Sun (newspaper)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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 The Sun's most famous headline, from 4 May 1982 |
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| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Tabloid |
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| Owner | News International |
| Editor | Rebekah Wade |
| Founded | 1964 |
| Political allegiance | Right Wing, Populist, Nationalist |
| Headquarters | Wapping, London |
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| Website: www.thesun.co.uk | |
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This article is about a British tabloid. For the star, see Sun. For other uses, see Sun (disambiguation).
The Sun is a tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language newspaper in the world, standing at 3,107,412 copies daily in the first half of 2006 [1], (cf USA Today, the best-selling US newspaper at 2,270,000 [2]). The daily readership is just over 7,800,000 and it has more than twice as many readers in the ABC1 demographic as its upmarket stablemate The Times, although much less as a proportion of total sales. It is published by News Group Newspapers of News International, itself a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation.
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[edit] History
[edit] The Sun before Murdoch
The Sun was launched in 1964 as a replacement for the Daily Herald, which IPC had bought from Odhams Press and the TUC. The Herald, which had until its sale in 1960 officially taken the political line of the Labour Party and remained Labour-loyalist after that, was selling well over 1.2 million copies a day at the time of its demise. But its ageing working-class readers were unattractive to advertisers and IPC did not want the Herald to compete with the Mirror. Market research conducted by Mark Abrams suggested that there was demand for a new mid-market left-of-centre daily which reflected perceived changes in Britain's demographics.
But The Sun, in this early form, did not live up to the expectations. Circulation continued to decline, and in 1969 the IPC-Mirror Group sold the paper to Rupert Murdoch — a move supported by the print trade unions because Murdoch promised that their jobs were safe.
[edit] The early Murdoch years
Murdoch immediately relaunched the newspaper as a tabloid, and ran The Sun as a sister paper to the News of the World, the sensationalist Sunday newspaper he had bought the previous year. The Sun used the same printing presses, and the two papers were now managed together at senior executive levels.
The editorial content of the paper was moved downmarket, most notably by the introduction of the Page Three Girl, a pin-up that changed, on its first anniversary in 1970, from a bikini-clad glamour photograph to topless photograph, although "Page Three" was not a daily feature at first.
Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s - the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions - The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand to the United States from 1973.
Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years remained nominally Labour, although in the two 1974 elections, the paper's attitude to Labour was "agnostic", according to Roy Greenslade in Press Gang (2003). The then editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing. Deputy editor Bernard Shrimsley was a middle-class uncommitted Tory.
The Sun changed track and caused a small stir by endorsing Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 general election.
[edit] Thatcherite king of the tabloids
In the meantime, The Sun had overtaken the Daily Mirror in circulation by 1978, partly thanks to extensive advertising on ITV, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy. From 1981, The Sun used Bingo as a promotional tool to increase its circulation still further.
In 1986 Murdoch shut down the Bouverie Street premises of The Sun and News of the World, and moved operations to the new Wapping complex, blocking union activity and greatly reducing the number of staff employed to print the papers; a year-long picket by sacked workers was eventually defeated (see Wapping dispute).
The Sun was a very strong supporter of Margaret Thatcher and her policies, and maintained its support for the Conservatives when Thatcher was succeeded by John Major in 1990. On the day of the 1992 election, its front-page headline was "If [Labour leader] Neil Kinnock wins today, will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights", and two days later the Sun was so convinced of its contributions to the Conservative victory that it declared "IT WAS THE SUN WOT WON IT".
[edit] The Sun goes Labour again
The Sun switched support to Labour in March 1997 when the General Election would see Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister. Since then it has supported Labour in each of the subsequent three elections, despite criticising some of Labour's policies. Some argue though that it changed stance in March 1997 as the newspaper knew there was no chance of the Conservatives winning the election, and therefore would not be seen as backing a loser.
[edit] The Sun today
The Sun remains reliant on covering the entertainment industry, gossip concerning the British monarchy, and sports, as well as news and politics for its content, with many items often revolving around celebrities.
In addition to writers covering celebrities-about-town and the latest soap opera storylines, the paper is always on the lookout for celebrities in trouble or scandal. Pictures are preferred and The Sun often uses pictures taken by paparazzi.
Outside the celebrity content, common story themes include immigration, security scandals, domestic abuse and paedophiles. The Page 3 pin-up girl is invariably a girl between the ages of 18-28, posing topless.
The current editor is Rebekah Wade, the first female editor in the paper's history.
The Sun is known in Cockney rhyming slang as The Currant Bun. [3]
[edit] Is The Sun going Green?
More recently The Sun has started a campaign to save "Planet Earth", covering environmental issues such as Global Warming [4]. The campaign is hot off the heels from a "Neutral Carbon" agreement that the British prime minister Tony Blair signed with the governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger in June 2006. The Prime Minister attended the annual News Corporation three-day meeting at the exclusive Pebble Beach golf resort in California in July 2006 hosted by News Corporation CEO Rupert Murdoch. Delegates included The Sun editor Rebekah Wade and the former Vice President of the United States Al Gore who delivered a keynote speech on the dangers the planet faces from global warming. [5]. As a result BskyB (part of News Corp) announced they were going carbon neutral.[6]. Ironically, the Pebble beach golf resort is itself the centre of a long-running dispute between environmentalists and land developers who wish to expand on the current man-made golfing greens of the area at the expense of several thousand acres of natural pine forest. [7]
The Sun has wasted no time in their campaign to save the world using terrifying screenshots from the 2004, 20th Century Fox (also part of News Corp) movie blockbuster The Day After Tomorrow depicting Manhattan being consumed by a huge tidal wave with the words "film could become reality" ((despite the fact that the science portrayed in the movie is littered with anomalies. The Sun online also displays an Interactive map showing the extent of flooding the UK faces from global warming.
The Sun uses its Global "Warning" (as opposed to warming) section offering tips on how to conserve energy, such as trading in older vehicles such as Ford Escorts for newer more economical cars such as the Honda Civic, and regularly maintaining correct air pressure on car tyres (under-inflated tyres increases fuel consumption). The Sun also acts as a medium for Think Tanks that cover green issues - an example being The Green Alliance that is calling for an "Eco-basher tax" that would formally be known and regarded as the "Inefficiency charge" on products such as disposable batteries and cameras, garden sprinklers and incandescent light bulbs, that will be policed by a new watchdog body called the "Products Agency" [8].
[edit] Controversy
[edit] National controversy
[edit] Page 3
The Sun under Murdoch has been a consistent subject of controversy. From the early 1970s, both feminists and many cultural conservatives objected to the Page 3 girls, which they saw as pornographic. Some of the early models were 16 or 17 years old: since the Sexual Offences Act 2003 it could be illegal to possess topless pictures of these "children," if a jury considers them to be indecent.
[edit] Populism
After The Sun had abandoned Labour by 1979 for Margaret Thatcher's Conservatives, these critics were joined by left-wingers objecting to the paper's relentlessly "right-wing" populist political line, which they claimed was jingoistic, racist and homophobic.
[edit] Sensationalism
More generally, the Murdoch Sun has been criticised since its launch for its sensationalism, which on occasion has led it to publish stories on the most spurious evidence, and for its focus on celebrities for its news and feature coverage. It has regularly been accused of appealing to the lowest common denominator and dumbing down public discourse.
[edit] Miners' Strike
The newspaper supported the government in the miners' strike of 1984-85 and there were incidents where staff threatened to resign over what they saw as deliberate misinformation. To this day, the paper's circulation in the old mining areas of Britain remains much smaller than in the country as a whole.
[edit] Falklands War
The paper infamously published the headline "GOTCHA" when, during the Falklands War, the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano was sunk (although that headline was dropped when the extent of Argentinian casualties became known), and it continues to take a hardline Eurosceptic position on the European Union. Support of British troops — referred to as "Our Boys" — in action is invariably unequivocal. Like all Murdoch-owned media, the paper has fully supported the ongoing war in Iraq and is Atlanticist. The Sun's ultra-patriotism has, however, outgrown the racism some claim it came close to embracing in the 1970s and 1980s — the nadir was its coverage of the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985. It has been as forceful on asylum-seekers as the Daily Express and the Daily Mail. On July 4, 2003 it printed a front page story under the headline "Swan Bake" claiming that asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans. It later emerged that the story had no factual basis but The Sun defiantly published a follow up story headlined "Now they're after our fish!". Following a Press Complaints Commission adjudication a "clarification" was eventually printed - on page 41.[9]
[edit] BNP
On 15 July 2004, one notable front-page headline read, "Bloody Nasty People", in a report on a TV documentary exposé on the British National Party.
[edit] Hillsborough
The worst moment journalistically for The Sun's sensationalism was its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster in Sheffield, where 96 people died and 730 were injured. Under a banner of the headline "THE TRUTH" the paper published a number of lies about the disaster, including the allegations that "Some fans picked pockets of victims" and "Some fans urinated on the brave cops" and "Some fans beat up a Police Constable whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient" (19 April 1989). This caused outrage amongst the people of Liverpool and the paper still sells poorly in the city today. It is unavailable in many parts of the city, as many newsagents refuse to stock it.
Eddie Spearitt, who lost his son in the tragedy, said, "As I lay in my hospital bed, the hospital staff kept copies of The Sun away from me. It's bad enough when you lose your fourteen-year-old son because you're treating him to a football match. But since then I've had to defend him against all the rubbish printed by The Sun." Pilger article The Sun made a full page 'apology' on July 7, 2004 15 years after the disaster, which featured Liverpudlian Wayne Rooney. This has been criticised by some as self-serving.[10]
On January 16, 2006 a Judge ruled that a libel case against The Sun should be moved from Liverpool to Manchester. The libel case was brought against The Sun by a 50 year old Merseyside grandmother who claims The Sun slandered her by accusing her of being a prostitute. Lawyers for The Sun argued for the case to be held in London claiming they would not receive a fair hearing in Liverpool due to the continued resentment over its coverage of the Hillsborough disaster 16 years previous. The ramifications of the decision effectively rules that hacks for The Sun would never have to back up their mass-printed and nationally circulated accusations against a resident of Merseyside in a Liverpool court. [11].
[edit] Mental Health
On September 22, 2003 the newspaper spectacularly misjudged the public mood surrounding mental health. When the former boxer Frank Bruno was admitted to hospital, early editions read Bonkers Bruno Locked Up across its front page. The reaction was so strong and immediate that by its second edition the headline had become: Sad Bruno In Mental Home.[12]
[edit] Homosexuality
The Sun's attitude to homosexuality has also changed in recent years. In the early 1980s, the paper was excoriating the Greater London Council, led by Ken Livingstone, giving financial support to various gay rights groups. In the 1990s, the paper campaigned against "pulpit poofs", as it described gay Church of England clergy, and hounded the pop musician Elton John for his homosexuality (for which it lost a libel action after falsely accusing him of having a relationship with a rent boy). And when Peter Mandelson was "outed" by Matthew Parris (a gay former columnist on The Sun) on Newsnight in October 1999, the paper asked whether Britain was governed by a "gay mafia", as there were then several openly gay members of the British cabinet. The paper apologised the next day. The Sun's u-turn on its views of homosexuality dispells the notion that their editorial position on the subject in prior years was based on a religious pretext, rather it was strictly sensationalist journalism for commercial purposes, and would explain the present tone in which their entertainment sections now hype and promote rather than ridicule or pour scorn over TV programmes that are based on alternative lifestyles. As evidenced in their analysis of Shine Limiteds controversial schoolgirl lesbian TV series Sugar Rush (TV series).
[edit] Swearing
The Sun was also traditionally very much against swearing, indeed, on Page Three, "tits" would often be spelt "t*ts", or such words would also be spelt using standard keyboard characters. However this has been relaxed in recent years.
[edit] Politics
The Sun newspaper normally attacks politicians who show themselves to support policies deemed undesirable by The Sun, either from the UK or Europe. It routinely refers to foreign leaders in unflattering terms — such as dubbing President Jacques Chirac of France "le Worm" — and is consistently and deliberately offensive to the French and the Germans at every opportunity. When France declared itself against the Iraq war the editorial said "The French President is an unscrupulous, conniving, preening, lying, cheating hypocrite". George Galloway is quite frequently referred to in denigrating language and accused of befriending Saddam Hussein and his sons. It has been argued that this displays a level of hypocrisy; when a British journalist named Farzad Bazoft was hanged by the Hussein regime for alleged espionage, The Sun published a conviction of Bazoft for minor theft when he was a student. This information was allegedly supplied by MI5 in accordance with a request by the Thatcher government. [13] (Article by John Pilger, Australian journalist)].
More recently, The Sun labelled many British MPs as traitors, on both sides of the Commons, for failing to vote in favour of controversial anti-terrorism laws [14]. In the run up to the vote on Tuesday 8 November, The Sun featured bombs victim John Tulloch on its front page with the words "Tell Tony He's Right" in their headline, despite Tulloch being vociferously opposed to the measure and to the Government's action [15].
[edit] International controversy
British tabloids are infamous abroad for being offensive and tasteless, here are some notable examples of The Sun's more controversial headlines:
"Urs hole" British tabloids and English hooligans joined their efforts in harassing Swiss referee Urs Meier after the English lost in the Euro 2004 quarter-final where Meier disallowed an English goal for a foul on the goalkeeper. English media and football fans were not happy with this decision, blaming Meier, calling him "Urs hole" and "idiot ref". After his personal details were published by British tabloid newspapers, Meier received more than 16,000 abusive e-mails, and also death threats. Reporters of The Sun even travelled to Switzerland and placed an English flag at his home. As a result, he was placed under police protection. At the airport, Meier was picked from the plane and had to hide for seven days, and could not meet his children for four days. Ironically, The Sun later criticised Chelsea FC manager José Mourinho for intimidating a referee in a Champions League match against FC Barcelona
"From Hitler Youth to Papa Ratzi" Headline of 20 April 2005 about German Joseph Ratzinger being elected Pope Benedict XVI
"I'm Big in the Bumdestag" Headline of 17 April 2006 about a paparazzo picture taken of German chancellor Angela Merkel's rear during a change of clothing while on holiday in Italy. Additional puns were "the cheeky chancellor" and "the Iron Frau", and "much improved bottom line" in regard to economy.
[edit] Popularity
The Sun is Britain’s most popular daily paper, perhaps because of the perceived wittiness of its writing. Puns and word play are often employed to make light of situations. As an example, during the Turner prize, The Sun asked its readers to re-create the exhibits themselves, after which they were judged by The Sun’s 'Fine Art Critic', "Toulouse Le Plot". The best-known example was in the Scottish edition after Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C., a First Division football club nicknamed Caley Thistle, knocked favourite Celtic out of the Scottish Cup at Celtic Park in 2000. The Sun's verdict: "SUPER CALEY GO BALLISTIC CELTIC ARE ATROCIOUS".
[edit] Editors
- Graham Dudman (current Managing Editor)
- Sydney Jacobson (1964–1965) (previously editor of the Daily Herald before the name change)
- Dick Dinsdale (1965–1969)
- Larry Lamb (1969–1972)
- Bernard Shrimsley (1972–1975) (Lamb was "editorial director", supervising both the Sun and NOW)
- Larry Lamb (1975–1980) (Lamb took an enforced six month sabbatical before being sacked by Murdoch)
- Kelvin MacKenzie (1981–1994)
- Stuart Higgins (1994–1998)
- David Yelland (1998–2003)
- Rebekah Wade (2003–)
[edit] Current journalists and writers
- Ken Nickoll, Associate Chief Sub-Editor, Features
- Corinne Abrams
- Robin Amlot
- Anila Baig
- Pete Bell
- Tony Bonnici
- Lachlan Cartwright
- Jeremy Clarkson
- James Clench
- John Coles
- Louise Compton
- Emma Cox
- Mark Fielden, Features Sub-editor
- Jon Gaunt
- Lucy Hagan
- Sean Hamilton, Deputy Showbiz Editor
- John Kay
- Lorraine Kelly
- Ian King, business editor
- Dannielle Lawler, showbiz reporter
- Veronica Lorraine
- Harry Macadam
- Sharon Marshall
- Dave Masters
- John Etheridge, Chief Cricket Correspondent
- Mystic Meg
- Jane Moore
- Sara Nathan, TV Editor
- Victoria Newton, Bizarre editor
- Tom Newton-Dunn, defence editor
- Andrew Parker
- George Pascoe-Watson, political editor
- Guy Patrick
- Frank Praverman
- Jamie Pyatt
- Colin Robertson
- Ally Ross
- Deidre Sanders
- Fergus Shanahan
- Kerry Sheehan
- Rob Shepherd
- Gordon Smart, Deputy Bizarre Editor
- Emily Smith, US editor
- Jerome Starkey
- Jane Symons, editor, Sun Health
- Jacqui Thornton
- John Troup
- Virginia Wheeler
- Richard White
- Beci Wood
- David Wooding, Whitehall editor
- Samantha Woostear
- Andrew Nicoll, Scottish Political Editor (Scottish Sun)
- Gerry Duffy (Scottish Sun)
- Andrew Nicholl (Scottish Sun)
- Scott Hussey (Scottish Sun)
- Alan Carson (Scottish Sun)
- Kevin Lowry (Scottish Sun)
- Jamie Pyatt (Scottish Sun)
- Gail Cameron (Scottish Sun)
- Bill Leckie (Scottish Sun)
- Robin Galloway (Scottish Sun)
- Ronnie MacKay, sports(Scottish Sun)
- Alan Nixon, sports (Scottish Sun)
- Derek McGregor, sports (Scottish Sun)
- Robert Grieve, sports (Scottish Sun)
- Scott Davie, sports (Scottish Sun)
[edit] Current artists and designers
- Simon Cosyns
- Jo Madden
- Kathryn George
- Tony Ward
- Mark Crofts
- Peter Stoneman
- Tony Brannon
- Tony McCabe
[edit] Related newspapers
Other newspapers published within the UK with "tabloid values" are the Daily Express, the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror, the Daily Star, and the Daily Sport. Of these, only the Mirror supports the Labour Party, the others are conservative, although The Sun has supported New Labour from 1996. It is not known whether the paper will continue supporting New Labour in a post-Blair era. See List of newspapers in the United Kingdom for a comparison of The Sun to other newspapers.
Note: the Sunday equivalent of The Sun in the UK is the News of the World – the Sunday Sun is an unrelated tabloid newspaper, published in Newcastle upon Tyne.
In the Republic of Ireland, an Irish edition of The Sun, known as The Irish Sun, is published. This contains much of the same content as the main UK edition, but with some Irish news and editorial content, as well as advertising. It tends to replace articles that would be seen as anti-Irish with ones more palatable to their readership there. One notable example is how the release of the film The Wind That Shakes the Barley was covered, with the UK editions describing it as "designed to drag the reputation of our nation through the mud" and "the most pro-IRA ever"[16], whereas the Irish edition described it as giving "the Brits a tanning"[17]. It uses a slightly bigger sheet size than the UK version, and costs €0.80.
There is also a Scottish edition of The Sun, known as The Scottish Sun. Based in Glasgow, the paper sells for just 10p in Scotland in an effort to overtake its Scottish tabloid rival Daily Record. The Scottish Sun is often referred to as "a downmarket, English-based tabloid" by the Record. It duplicates much of the content of the English edition but with additional coverage of Scottish news and sport. In the early 1990s, the Scottish edition became notable as the first major newspaper to declare support for the pro-independence Scottish National Party. At the time the paper elsewhere continued to support the Conservatives, who were then becoming an increasingly marginalised force in Scotland. This stance, however, became somewhat problematic following The Sun's adoption of support for Labour elsewhere in the UK, given that the SNP were seen as Labour's main challengers and fiercest rivals in Scotland. The Scottish edition was forced to employ some convoluted logic to justify its eventual withdrawal of support for the SNP in favour of pro-union Labour.
The first newspaper to carry the Sun masthead was published in 1792 by the Pitt government to counter the pro-revolutionary press at that time.
The Toronto Sun in Canada modelled itself on the newspaper, including a sunshine girl (who has never been topless). The "Sun" masthead has since spread to many other cities in Canada.
[edit] See also
- Tabloid ("red top")
- Hold Ye Front Page
- Dear Deidre
- Striker (comic)
- Freddie Starr
[edit] External links
- Official website
- BBC: On This Day 1964
- BBC, 14 September 2004, Forty Years of the Sun
- Newspaper Marketing Agency Facts & Figures
- Wapping: legacy of Rupert's revolution, January 15, 2006 - The Observer:
- Three views of the industrial dispute twenty years on.
