The Patriotic Traitors

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The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940-45 is a 1972 book by David Littlejohn. It is a history of those European nationalists who collaborated with the Third Reich. Individual chapters are devoted to Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and the Soviet Union.

It was published by William Heinemann Ltd. (Mayfair, London) as a 391-page hardcover (ISBN 0-434-42725-X) in 1972.

[edit] Contents

Chapter/country: date invaded, quotation, opening ensignia, closing ensignia	Section	Subjects
Norway 9th April 1940 'What would Norway have done without me' —Quisling Badge of Nasjonal Samling Hird emblem	Introduction
	The Birth of Nasjonal Samling
	Programme of Nasjonal Samling
	N.S. Advances Backwards
	Friends Abroad
	On the Eve of Conquest
	Wilfred and Weser Exercise
	Quisling Steps In
	Genesis of a Myth
	Quisling Is Removed
	A New Face in Norway	Appointment of Josef Terboven as Reichskommissar of Norway.
	Quisling Resurgent
	'This Band of Brothers'
	Forward March of N.S.
	Wartime Organization of the N.S.
	Forward March of N.S.
	Wartime Organization of the N.S.
	The Labour Service	The Arbeidstjenesten (Labour Service, A.T.)
	Nordland Regiment and Viking Division
	The Norwegian S.S.	History of the S.S., (i) Allgemeine (General) S.S., (ii) Totenkopf (Death's-head) Units, (iii) Sicherheits-Dienst (Security Service), and (iv) Waffen (Armed) S.S. The May 21st, 1941, creation of a Norwegian S.S. (Norges S.S.).
	War With Russia: The Norwegian Legion
	Quisling Becomes 'Minister-President'
	A Pedagogue and His Impossible Pupils
	The Germanic S.S. Norway
	The Way of an Oppressor
	'Norge' Regiment and 'Nordland' Division
	An Unwanted 'Ally'
	Resisting the Resistance	The so-called 'Rinnan Gang' (Rinnan-Banden), named after Henry Oliver Rinnan
	Last Days of the Nordland Division
	The End in Norway
	A Lesson to the World
	Character of Vidkun Quisling
	No Middle Way
Denmark 9th April 1940 'Denmark is the happiest country in Europe' —Prime Minister Stauning, December 1940 D.N.S.A.P. (Danish Nazi Party) Danish Labor Service (Girls' badge)	Introduction
	Pre-War Policy
	Blitz Without Much Krieg
	Instant Victory
	The Morning After
	A Promising Start
	Danish Nazis (I) N.S.D.A.P.-N.	The National-Socialist German Workers Party of North Schleswig (National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei Nordschleswigs), founded by Jens Møller.
	Danish Nazis (II) D.N.S.A.P.	National Socialist Workers Party of Denmark (Danmarks National-Socialistiske Arbejder Parti), founded by Frits Clausen.
	Danish Nazis (III) Minor Parties and Factions	(i) Landbrugernes Sammenslutning (Farmers' Union), led by Jørgen Sehested. (ii) Dansk Samlings- og Korporationsparti (Danish Unity and Corporatist Party). (iii) Dansk National-Socialistisk Parti (Danish National-Socialist Party), founded by Carl Borg. (iv) Dansk Socialistisk Parti (Danish Socialist Party), founded by Wilfred Petersen. (v) National-Socialistiske Arbejder Parti (National-Socialist Workers Party), founded by Aage H. Andersen.
	Labor Service (Landarbejdstjenesten)
	War with Russia. The Danish 'Free Corps'	Freicorps Danmark, first commanded by Lieut.-Col. P. C. Kryssing (replaced, by Himmler, with Count Christian Frederik von Schalburg). Von Schalburg fell in action and was replaced by Hans-Albert von Lettow-Vorbeck. Von Lettow-Vorbeck was killed in battle and replaced by Knud Børge Martinsen.
	A New Year: A New Government
	A Free Election in a Fettered Land
	Martinsen and the Schalburg Corps
	Germanische Sturmbann Dänemark
	'Our Friendly Attitude is Over'
	'Terror Will be Met With Greater Terror'
	D.N.S. Against D.N.S.A.P.
	Civil Disobedience
	A Police State in a Policeless State
	Winter of Discontent	Bornholm's resistance to liberation.
	Aftermath in the 'Model Protectorate'
The Netherlands 10th May 1940 'Hitler is the liberator of Europe' —Anton Mussert N.S.B. membership badge W.A. emblem (also worn by Dutch N.S.K.K.)	Introduction
	Minor Dutch Fascist Parties	Dr. van der Mijle's Nationalist Association (Verbond van Nationalisten), the Dutch Fascist Union (Nederlandse Fascistenunie), Sinclair de Rochemont's National Solidarity Group (Verbond van Nationaal Solidaristen), Arnold Meyer's 'Black Front' (Zwart Front, later The National Front (Het Nationale Front)), and Paul Kies's Troelstra Movement (Troelstra Beweging in Nederland)
	N.S.N.A.P.	The National-Socialist Dutch Workers' Party (Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiders Partij) founded by Ernst Henri Ridder van Rappard.
	The N.S.B.	The Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (National-Socialist Movement) founded by A. A. Mussert
	War Comes to Holland	Arrest of all persons demed potentially sympathetic to invading German forces.
	The 'Fifth Column'	Three days of unchecked panic and confusion caused by fear and suspicion of secret agents.
	The 'New Order' in Holland	Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar.
	The 'Netherlands Union' (N.U.)	The Nederlandse Unie, created by Prof. J. E. de Quay of the Catholic Party, J. Linthorst Homan the Queen's Commissioner (Lord Lieutenant) of Groningen, and Dr. L. Einthoven the Police Chief of Rotterdam.
	The Battle for the Unions	The creation of the 'Dutch Labor Front' (Nederlandsche Arbeids Front or N.A.F.) by H. J. Woudenberg.
	The Netherlands Labor Service	Nederlandse Arbeids Dienst, or N.A.D..
	The Dutch S.S.	The Nederlandsche S.S., later renamed the 'Germanic S.S. in the Netherlands' (Germaansche S.S. in Nederland).
	N.S.B. Corners the Political Market	The 14th December 1941 announcement from Seyss-Inquart that the N.S.B. would be the only political party permitted in the Netherlands.
	Organization of the N.S.B.
	(i) The Party
	(ii) The W.A.	The Weer Afdeelingen as the Dutch equivalent of Hitler's S.A.. W.A. man Peter Ton, killed by the resistance, achieving the status of a Dutch Horst Wessel.
	(iii) Lijfwacht v.d. Leider	Mussert's personal bodyguard.
	(iv) Women's Branch (N.S.V.O.)	The N.S.B. Women's Organization (Nat. Soc. Vrouwen Organisatie).
	(v) Youth Branch (Nationale Jeugdstorm)	Founded by C. Van Geelkerken.
	(vi) Landstand	Introduced by Mussert as a Dutch equivalent to the German Reichsnährstand (National Food Estate).
	(vii) Party Press	Forty different periodicals.
	Culture Marches in Step	Establishment of the Verbond van Nederlandsche Journalisten (Union of Dutch Journalists).
	The Jews: A 'Problem' and its Solution	Confrontation between the W.A. and Jewish 'action groups' (Knokploegen).
	Peace Courts
	The Netherlands Legion
	N.S.K.K., ' Transportactie' , etc.	Transport Action
	Other Military and Para-Military Volunteers
	'Winter Help' and the N.V.D.	Nederladsche Volksdienst (Dutch Welfare Service)
	The 'East Company' and the Landdienst	The 'Dutch East Company' (Nederlandsche Oost Compagnie) and the 'Germanic Land Service' (Germanische Landdienst)
	Direction of Labor	Dutch workers employed in Germany.
	The Police	The re-organizing of the Dutch police. Creation of the 'Control Commando' (Kontroll Kommando, or K.K.), the 'Volunteer Auxiliary Police' (Vrijwillige Hulp-Politie), the 'Henneicke Column', and a Jewish Police or 'Order Service' (Orde Dienst).
	Mussert Becomes 'Shadow Führer'
	Resistance and Anti-Resistance	'Operation Silver Fir' (Aktion Silbertanne).
	The Netherlands Legion is Promoted	Incorporation into the 11th S.S. Volunteer Panzer-Grenadier Division Nordland resisted by Mussert. Creation of the 4th S.S. Volunteer Panzer-Grenadier Brigade Nederland.
	Landwacht and Landstorm	Landwacht Nederland changed into Landstorm Nederland.
	The Army of Europe	The mystique of Pan-Europeanism within the Waffen S.S..
	Mussert's Last Visit to Hitler. The 'Shadow Führer' Becomes a Mere Shadow
	To the Bitter End
	Sunset in the East	Creation of the 23rd S.S. Volunteer Panzer-Grenadier Division.
	Collaboration: The Cost	Trials and executions. Deprival of citizenship.
	Character of Mussert
Belgium 10th May 1940 'If I had a son, I would wish him to be like you' —Hitler to Léon Degrelle Flanders V.N.V. civil badge Rexiste Badge of Honour	Introduction	National division between Wallonie and Flanders.
	Flemish Nationalism	The Frontpartij or Vlaamsche Front.
	'Dinaso'	Joris van Severen's foundation of Verbond van Dietsche Nationaal-Solidaristen (Union of 'Netherlandish' National Solidarity, abbreviated to Verdinaso, or more commonly to Dinaso).
	V.N.V. (Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond)	Gustave ('Staf') de Clercq's Flemish National Union.
	Devlag	The German-Flemish Working Community (Duitschen-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap), led by Jef van de Wiele.
	N.S.B.i.V. and Volksverweering	The Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Vlaanderen directed by J. B. Bellefroid, and 'The People's Defence' founded by René Lambrichts (which functioned in Wallonie under the title of Ligue de la Défense du Peuple).
	Fascism in Wallonie
	Rex	Léon Degrelle and the rexistes.
	Minor Walloon Fascist Groups	Action Nationale founded by Pierre Nothomb, Légion Nationale directed by Paul Hoornaert, Brigade Khaki founded by Moulin, Réaction, and Les 'Belgicistes'.
	A New King: A New Policy	Foreign policy shifts by Leopold III.
	War
	'The Fifth Column'
	Capitulation and the King
	Occupation
	Flanders Versus Belgium
	Collaborators in Office
	Henri de Man and the U.T.M.I.	The Union of Manual and Intellectual Workers (Union des Travailleurs Manuels et Intellectuels)
	Collaborating Journalists	Paul Colin, Robert Poulet, Pierre Daye, Raymond Becker, Pierre Hubermont
	Voluntary Labor Service
	A Royal Visit to Hitler
	The S.S.: German and Germanic	S.S. Westland Regiment
	'Agra'	Les Amis du Grand Reich Allemand (The Friends of the Greater German Reich) founded by Alfons Bougne and led by Georges Scaillet.
	And Some Others	Parti National-Socialist Wallon founded by Julien Velu, Mouvement National Populaire Wallon formed by Antoine Leclercq, Communauté Culturelle Wallonne (C.C.W.) founded by Georges Wasterlain, Comité National Wallon created by Raymond Colleye, and the Deutscher Sprach-Verein (German Language Union) founded at Arlon.
	The Great Merger
	Wartime Organizations of the V.N.V.
	Wartime Organization of ' Rex '
	War with Russia	The Flemish Legion and the Walloon Legion
	Meanwhile Back in Belgium...
	An Unpleasant Surprise	The king's marriage to Mlle Marie Liliane Baëls.
	1942: The Screw Tightens
	Devlag Versus the V.N.V.
	Lost Legions
	The Struggle Intensifies
	On the Eve of Liberation	The Military Government was superseded by a Reichskommissariat under Josef Grohé.
	Liberation: Isolation
	The Last Act	Degrelle's escape to Copenhagen, Oslo, and, in Albert Speer's private aircraft, to Spain.
	Crime and Punishment
	The 'Royal Question'
France May-June 1940 'Sooner Hitler than the Popular Front' —Right wing slogan of 1936 'Françisque gallique' L.V.F. badge	The Road to Vichy	Widespread public demoralization.
	'The Stavisky Affair'	Events following the death of Serge Alexandre ('Sacha') Stavisky.
	'The Leagues'
	(i) Jeunesses Patriotes	Founded by Pierre Taittinger
	(ii) Action Française	Henri Vaugeois, Charles Maurras, Léon Daudet
	(iii) Solidarité Française	Founded by François Coty, later led by Jean Rénaud.
	(iv) Parti Franciste	Step-child of Georges Valois' Faisceau. Founded by Marcel Bucard
	After the Ban on the 'Leagues'
	Parti Populaire Français (P.P.F.)	Founded by Jacques Doriot.
	Frontisme	Founded by Gaston Bergery.
	Front Paysan	The green-shirted Peasants' Front founded by Henri Dorgères
	Neo-Socialists	Founded by Adrien Marquet.
	National Collectivisme	Founded by Pierre Clémenti
	Comité France-Allemagne	The France-Germany Committee formed by Jean Goy, Georges Scapini, and Fernand de Brinon
	' La Cagoule '	The 'Secret Organization of National Revolutionary Action' (O.S.A.R.N.) organized by Eugène Deloncle with assistance from the Duke Pozzo di Borgo and General Dusseigneur. Nicknamed 'the hooded men' (les cagoulards) by Action Française (as an attempt to ridicule the organization, based on the practice of one sect of the O.S.A.R.N., the 'Knights of the Sword').
	War	Battle of France
	Pétain	Philippe Pétain
	The Armistice
	Breton Separatism	Attempts to stir up claims for Breton autonomy through a 'National Breton Council'.
	'Vichy' is Born
	The Meaning of 'Collaboration'	Distinguishing between "French survival collaboration" and "German victory collaboration".
	The Paris Group
	(A) Political Parties (i) Parti Populaire Français (P.P.F.)
	(ii) Rassemblement National Populaire (R.N.P.)	Marcel Déat
	(iii) Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (M.S.R.)	Eugène Deloncle
	(iv) Parti Franciste
	(v) Ligue Français	Founded by Pierre Constantini
	(vi) National Collectivisme
	(vii) The lunatic fringe	The 'Feu' [Fire] movement founded by Maurice Delaunay, the Mouvement National Socialiste founded by M. Gatinais and Delaunay, the Front Franc conceived by Jean Boissel, and the Énergies Françaises inspired by M. Cayla.
	Paris Group (B) Journalists	George Suarez, Robert Brasillach, Stéphane Lauzanne, Jean Luchaire, and Jean Drault
	Groupe 'Collaboration'	Governed by a committee including Cardinal Baudrillart and Abel Bonnard.
	Paris Versus Vichy	The Paris group criticized the Vichy for their 'lukewarmness'.
	Collaboration in Unoccupied France
	Laval	Pierre Laval
	The Fall of Laval and the Premiership of Darnand
	Syria and Indo-China	Allowance of the Luftwaffe to use French bases in Syria. Allowance of the Japanese to use French Indo-China.
	'The Jewish Question'	Establishment of the 'General Commissariat for Jewish Questions' under Xavier Vallat.
	'Corporatism'
	'The Single Party State'
	'The Legion'	The Légion Française des Combattants, later Légion Française des Véterans et des Volontaires de la Révolution Nationale.
	Service d'ordre légionnaire (S.O.L.)	The Order Service of the Legion established by Joseph Darnand.
	The Police	The P.Q.J. (Anti-Jewish Police), the S.P.A.C. (Anti-Communist Police), the S.S.S. (Service for Secret Societies, which dealt mainly with Freemasons), and the Amicales de France
	The Labor Service (Chantiers de la Jeunesse)	Created by General Joseph de la Porte du Theil.
	Vichy Youth Movements	Les Compagnons de France begun by Henri Dhavernas, the Jeunesse de France et d'Outre Mer (J.F.O.M., 'Youth of France and Overseas') founded by M. Pugibeto (succeeded by Jean-Marcel Renault), Équipes Sociales (Social Squads) founded and directed by Robert Garric, Équipes Nationales, and Les Jeunes du Maréchal founded by Jacques Bousquet.
	Training Schools	The National Youth Staff College (École Nationale des Cadres de Jeunesse) at Chapelle-en-Serval.
	War with Russia
	The L.V.F.	The Légion des volontaires français contre le Bolchévisme
	Vichy and the L.V.F.
	The Return of Laval
	'La Relève' and the S.T.O.	Exchange program and the Service du Travail Obligatoire
	'Parti Unique' and the F.R.N.	Déat's desire for a 'single party' and the creation of the Front Révolutionnaire National.
	La Légion Tricolore	Proposed by Jacques Benoist-Méchin to replace the L.V.F.
	'Torch' and 'Anton'	Anglo-American landing in North Africa (Operation Torch) and the German occupation of the whole of metropolitan France (Operation Anton).
	'Putsch' in Tunisia	George Guilbaud.
	The 'Phalange Africaine'	An African Phalanx later renamed the Légion des Volontaires Français de Tunisie.
	Total Occupation
	Le Premier Regiment de France	The Royal Auvergne 1st Regiment of France.
	Milice Française	Reconstitution of the S.O.L. into a special security force led by Aimé-Joseph Darnand.
	Milice Bretonne	The Formation Jean-Marie Perrot (named after a parish priest, Jean-Marie Perrot killed by the resistance).
	'The End of the Beginning'	The turning point of the war, October 1942-March 1943.
	The L.V.F. (January 1942-September 1944)	Large scale anti-partisan operations on the Eastern Front.
	The French Waffen S.S.	Opening of the Waffen SS to French admittance. Establishment of a Comité des Amis de la Waffen S.S. under the presidency of Paul Marion. From August 1943-July 1944 known as the 'French S.S. Volunteer Grenadier Regiment.' Instructed by Flemish and Dutch S.S. in German at the Sankt Andreas camp at Sennheim in Alsace. Dispatched to the Eastern Front as the 'French S.S. Volunteer Assault Brigade' (Französische S.S. Freiwilligen Sturmbrigade), it saw action in Galicia as part of the 18th SS Division Horst Wessel.
	Other Military Collaborators (N.S.K.K., Navy, 'Flak', and Other Volunteers)	The Nazi Motorized Corps opening their ranks to Frenchmen. The German Navy appealed for French volunteers. Employment of Frenchmen by 'Teno' (Technische Nothilfe). Motivation of Frenchmen to fight for Germany (political commitment, Catholic desire to defend against bolshevism, adventure, enjoyment of combat)
	Civil War	Criminal elements in the resistance.
Darnand and Milice 'Justice'
'Les Ultras' in Power	The out-and-out collaborationists known as 'les ultras.'
Gaiete Parisienne
The Parting of the Ways
Invasion! The Enemy has Landed	Allied landing in Normandy.
Belfort	Moving of the French government.
Sigmaringen	Final moving of the French government.
Charlemagne Division
The New 'Free French'	The 'Committee of French Liberation' set up by Doriot.
Twilight of the Gods (and others)
Retribution	Trial of Pétain. Trial and execution of Laval.
Character of Laval
The 'Purge'	The épuration. Execution of Fernand de Brinon, Joseph Darnand, Marcel Bucard, Jean Luchaire, Robert Brasillach, Georges Suarez, and Paul Chack. Suicide of Drieu la Rochelle.
Soviet Union 22nd June 1941 'We can assure the Führer and the German nation that in their struggle against the most heinous enemy of mankind — Bolshevism, they have no stauncher ally than the people of Russia' —General Vlasov (November 1944) R.O.A. arm insignia Ukrainian Liberation Army	Introduction	The little-known hundreds of thousands of former Soviet citizens who took up arms for Germany.
	'We Have Only to kick in the Door'	"...and the whole rotten structure will collapse." —Hitler to Jodl
	'Ost' Politics	The "bureaucratic jungle" of rivial policies on the conquered east (Hitler's, the army's, Rosenberg's, Himmler's, and the Russian émigrés such as the United Russian National-Socialist Movement (Russijskoje Ob'jedinennoje National 'no-Socialistichskoje Dwijenije or R.O.N.D.), Rodzaevsky's 'Russian Fascist Union' (R.S.F.), and National 'no Trudovoi Soiuz (National Workers' Solidarity) or N.T.S.).
	Small Beginnings	Use of Ukrainian former members of R.O.N.D. as saboteurs during the invasion. Proclamation of a Ukrainian government at Lvov by Stephen Bandera of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. The raising of a Belorussian Self-Defence Corps (B.N.S.) by Wilhelm Kube.
	The Birth of a Phantom Army	Recruitment of Red Army deserters as 'Volunteer Auxiliaries' (Hilfswilliger, abbreviated to 'Hiwis' ). Favored stauts of Cossacks. Defection of Major I. N. Kononov and his entire infantry regiment.
	Dangerous Games	Establishment of a virtually autonomous province in the Orel-Kursk region by Voskoboinik. Pass of leadership to Bronislav Kaminski, who expanded the militia to a brigade called the Russian National Liberation Army (Russkaia Osvoboditelnaia Narodnaia Armiia, or R.O.N.A.). The Russian National Peoples Army (Russkaia Natsionalnaia Narodnaia Armiia, or R.N.N.A.) commanded by Vladimir Boiarsky with G. N. Zhilenkov. The Druzhina (Bodyguard) under V. V. Gil (renamed Rodionov), becoming the 1st Russian National Brigade, and later the 1st Anti-Fascist Partisan Brigade.
	From 'Hiwis' to 'Osttruppen'	The Wehrmacht setting up Osttruppen combat groups for anti-partisan actions. Establishment of 'eastern legions' including an Armenian Legion, a Georgian Legion, a Caucasian-Moslem Legion, and a Turkestani Legion. Effect of the S.S. Propaganda Department's booklet entitled The Sub-humans (Der Untermensch).
	The Phantom Army is Expanded	Enrolment of Crimean Tatars. Establishment by the S.S. of an 'Ost Volunteer Control Office' and a 'Cossack Control Office' to regulate recruitment.
	Uniforms for the Phantom Army	Allowance of special characteristic symbols and dress.
	Landing a Big Fish: The Capture of Vlasov	Andrei Andreevich Vlasov.
	'What We Need is a Russian De Gaulle'
	The 'Smolensk Committee'	The 'Russian National Committee' chaired by Vlasov.
	The 'Smolensk Manifesto'
	Osttruppen at the End of 1942
	A Man of God and Friend of Hitler	His Eminence the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin el Huseini. Tartar poet Musa Dzhalil (not a collaborator).
	The Morning After Stalingrad
	From Osttruppen to R.O.A.	The Russian Liberation Army (Russkaia Osvoboditelnaia Armiia)
	Liberators or Liquidators?	Erich Koch. Einsatzkommando.
	A New 'Ally'	Opening of recruitment for a Waffen S.S. division from Galicia to volunteers from the Eastern Catholic (Uniate) faith. The 14th S.S. Volunteer Grenadier Division (1st Galician).
	A Rival 'De Gaulle'	S.S. sponsorship of Kaminski and taking over of the R.O.N.A. (renamed the S.S. Assault Brigade R.O.N.A. [S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A.])
	Hitler Tries to Suppress the R.O.A.
	Shashqa and Swastika	Raising of Don, Kuban, Terek, and Siberian Cossack units. Major-General Helmuth von Pannwith named 'Commander of all Cossack Units.'
	Himmler is Converted	S.S. men attempts to bring Himmler round (regarding him opposition to Vlasov), including the editor of Das Schwarze Korps Gunterd d'Alquen. Execution of Kaminski.
	Sub-Human No More	Himmler's meeting with Vlasov. Formation of a 'Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia' (Komitet Osvobozhdeniia Narodov Rossii, or K.O.N.R.).
	K.O.N.R. and the Prague Manifesto	Programme of the K.O.N.R. established at its first meeting (attended by Werner Lorenz).
	The Ukrainian National Army (U.N.A.)
	The K.O.N.R. Army Fights at Last
	The 'Non-Returners'	The nevozvrashchentsy, former Soviet citizens who refused to return to their homeland. 2nd August 1946 Pravda report of the trial and execution of A. A. Vlasov, S. K. Buniachenko, V. F. Malyshkin, G. N. Zhilenkov, F. J. Trukhin, D. E. Zakutnyi, I. A. Blagoveschensky, M. A. Meandrov, G. A. Zverev, V. I. Maltzev, V. D. Korbukov, and N. S. Shatov. Reinhard Gehlen's network of anti-communist secret agents.
	Conclusion