The Hunters (novel)

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The Hunters

Author	James Salter
Country	United States
Language	English
Genre(s)	War novel
Publisher	Vintage Books
Released	1956 (Harper & Brothers), 1997 (Re-issued by Counterpoint)
Media Type	Print (Paperback)
Pages	233 pp
ISBN	ISBN 0-375-70392-6
Followed by	The Arm of Flesh (1961)

This article is about the book. For the film, see The Hunters (1958).

The Hunters is a novel by James Salter about U.S. Air Force fighter pilots during the Korean War, first published in 1956. The novel was subsequently made into a film by the same name in 1958 starring Robert Mitchum and Robert Wagner.

As Captain James A. Horowitz, Salter himself was a career fighter pilot who saw combat from February to August 1952. He kept a detailed diary of his tour and the novel closely follows a chronology of events he experienced as an F-86 Sabre pilot with the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, based at Kimpo Air Base, Korea.

Salter was 31 when he wrote the novel and has made his protagonist, Captain Cleve Connell, the same age. He describes 31 as being "the end for him" as a fighter pilot: "...not too old, certainly; but it would not be long. His eyes weren't good enough any more. With an athlete, the legs failed first. With a fighter pilot, it was the eyes."^[1] Perhaps not coincidentally, Salter chose to resign from the Air Force soon after the publication of The Hunters to pursue an alternate passion, writing.

Contents 1 Characters 2 Plot summary 2.1 New to war 2.2 Erosion of confidence 2.3 Redemption and leave 2.4 Challenged 2.5 The Hunters 3 Style and theme 4 Controversy 5 Notes 6 Background sources

[edit] Characters

• Captain Cleve Connell - a career pilot, embarking on his first combat tour of duty after 7 years in the Air Force
• Cleve's flight members:
  • Bert DeLeo - a career pilot from West Virginia in his late twenties
  • Jim Daughters - a married reserve pilot and World War II veteran, once a high school coach, has the most missions
  • Billy Hunter - brand new, an artless Texas boy, but a capable flyer
  • Pettibone - a new lieutenant, a weak pilot
  • Ed Pell - newly assigned, Pell calls himself "Doctor" and quickly shows a penchant for MiG-killing
• Colonel Dutch Imil - Cleve's wing commander, a World war II ace and hero
• Major Carl Abbott - a career pilot, World War II ace and former squadron mate
• Robey - a patronizing, newly-minted ace in Connell's squadron
• Colonel Monk Moncavage - Group commander and second-in-command of the wing, newly-returned to flying from a staff position
• Desmond - Connell's squadron operations officer
• Guthrie - a pilot from another squadron
• Miyata - a Japanese artist in his late 40's
• Eiko - Miyata's 19-year-old daughter and an aspiring actress
• Casey Jones - a legendary, much-feared MiG pilot whose aircraft is marked by five diagonal black stripes

[edit] Plot summary

[edit] New to war

On a frozen February evening in Fuchū, Japan, Captain Cleve Connell restlessly waits for assignment orders completing his transfer to Korea. Billeted for four days in a warehouse, he has tired of seeing Tokyo--and of watching others come and go--and his clean laundry is nearly gone. He walks to dinner at the Officers Club reflecting on his ability as a flyer (he's a good one, with a reputation among his peacetime peers), his reluctance to leave the Air Force although pressured by civilian friends to do so, and his desire to test himself in combat. He senses that his feelings of time lost and lack of accomplishment are corrosive.

He shares dinner with a fellow pilot en route to the war and while they are discussing women, the war in general, and the tedium of waiting, a group of loud young lieutenants enters the club. One stands out from the rest, however, emanating cool confidence amidst their obvious insecurity, and mildly harrasses a pretty Japanese bar waitress. Cleve's companion chastises the lieutenant, who reluctantly backs down, resisting just enough that Cleve catches his name in the discussion: Pell. Cleve shrugs aside the episode and the next morning receives his orders.

He arrives in Korea on a frigid afternoon and despite a feeling of exhilaration, his first impression of Korea is a dreary, impoverished country made drearier by the slow-moving military bureaucracy. Assigned to an elite fighter wing at the primitive Kimpo air base, Cleve arrives to find it abuzz with an outgoing mission and talk of a bad end to a bad week: the leading ace in the wing has just been shot down and killed. He meets pilots he knew in Panama, just after the end of World War II, including Carl Abbott, now a major. Cleve is mildly shocked to find that his young comrade of just a few years ago now looks old, out of shape, and lacking in spirit. Though genuinely glad to see Cleve, Major Abbott's usefulness as a combat pilot is gone; he has been put out to pasture and does not care.

That evening in the officers club he greets his wing commander, Colonel Imil, a former squadron commander in Panama. Imil is a larger-than-life personality who shows off Cleve to the veteran pilots as a "real fighter pilot", and introduces him with enthusiasm to Colonel Moncavage, a former ace just returned to flying. Moncavage's lack of equal enthusiasm prompts Imil to goad him, revealing a competitive friction between the two commanders.

[edit] Erosion of confidence

Cleve is put through a brief period of training and one morning he goes to the operations office to follow the progress of a mission over the radio. The operations officer is Desmond, another old friend. In their discussion he learns that Desmond also feels that Abbott "doesn't have it any more", and the conversation turns to the quality of their MiG opponents. While almost universally poor adversaries, a few are very good, particularly one nicknamed Casey Jones, the only MiG pilot to best Imil in a fight. Desmond reassures him that Casey Jones isn't seen on missions any more, his tour apparently over.

He begins flying missions as Desmond's wingman. They encounter MiGs in large numbers on one mission and although seemingly everywhere, the clashes are so fleeting that Desmond's flight is unable to ever catch up to any. He has a feeling afterwards that perhaps his flight was "playing it safe" and makes the mistake in his inexperience of saying so to Desmond, offending him. At the post-mission debriefing they learn that a pilot, Robey, has claimed his fifth MiG. Another pilot asks Desmond, "Did he really get this one for a change?", prompting Desmond to relate to Cleve that Robey had once gotten Imil to cajole a reluctant wingman into confiming a kill he hadn't witnessed. Even so, Cleve notices that news of the fifth kill gets around quickly, and that he like everyone else feels a "mystic fulfillment" at being a part of the same fight.

Imil makes him a flight leader despite his having flown just eight missions. The flight consists of two veteran pilots, DeLeo and Daughters, and two untried replacements, Billy Hunter and Pettibone. All are aware of his reputation as a flyer and accordingly respectful, but it becomes apparent that he has been made flight lead because the flight has yet to shoot down any MiGs. Their first mission together, even though nothing goes wrong, leaves him with a strong feeling of a "wasted mission" until he learns that nobody in the wing saw any MiGs. Just as he is about to recover a sense of good feeling, however, he encounters a new pilot in their barracks and assigned to his flight, Ed Pell, the loud lieutenant in Japan. Cleve is acutely disquieted; Pell upsets the balance of things; Cleve becomes uncomfortably aware that he is the leader, and much is expected of him.

A quarter of the way through his tour, he has seen no combat, and on days when the wing is in a fight, Imil chides him for not being scheduled to fly. Trapped in a feeling of helplessness, his growing self-doubt begins to gnaw away his confidence as he fears he is not just unlucky but possibly lacking something vital in himself. The feeling worsens when Major Abbott, about to be exiled from the Wing, comes in to say goodbye and begins sobbing uncontrollably, possibly showing him his own fate. Other missions go by without combat until one day Colonel Moncavage, who also had been spotlighted by a lack of success, shoots down two MiGs, eviscerating Cleve emotionally.

[edit] Redemption and leave

The bad feelings vanish when Cleve, with Billy Hunter on his wing, shoots down a MiG. Both exultant and relieved, he learns at debriefing that Pell, too, has shot down a MiG and almost gotten DeLeo killed in the process: DeLeo accuses Pell of flying off on his own in the middle of the fight and leaving his leader to the mercies of the enemy. Pell denies the accusation and Cleve tries to smooth over the situation as a misunderstanding in the heat of battle. He discovers that his redemption is short-lived when five days later a big fight occurs after Cleve left himself off the schedule. The doubt and ominous fear return immediately. Then he finds that Pell has shot down another MiG. DeLeo remains hostile and skeptical of Pell, but Daughters confirms the kill.

The arrival of spring brings a long spell of bad weather that shuts down almost all combat missions. Cleve and DeLeo decide to go on leave to Japan "to enjoy civilization". The night before the leave they head into Seoul for a steak dinner at the plush officers club of Air Force Headquarters, where they run into Abbott who insists with a pitiful obsessiveness on hearing the details of Cleve's MiG kill. he realizes that the other pilots hated Abbott because they saw themselves in him.

The trip to Tokyo takes a full day: four hours to fly to southern Japan and a liesurely overnight train ride in a sleeper car. Reaching Tokyo, their leave starts as a typical R&R with martinis and steak for breakfast, followed by an afternoon nap, then an evening of hopping from cocktail lounge to cocktail lounge. DeLeo disappears to make a phone call and while he's gone the fragrance of perfume from a passing woman makes Cleve realize that he has suppressed all physical desires. DeLeo has booked them a night at Miyoshi's, a well-known Soapland-style brothel, that is spent in samisen music, saki, the baths, and sex with two young Japanese women. Cleve waxes philosophically about such luxury in contrast to their spartan existence in Korea, and DeLeo warns him that while "trying" (to get MiGs) is enough for DeLeo, he knows it won't be enough for him.

The next night while making the rounds of the clubs, they run into a former friend of Pell's during cadet training, an obvious admirer whose drunken praise confirms all of Cleve's misgivings about Pell's deviousness and ambition, and he knows he has entered "a dark, ultimate battle." The next day, as a favor to his father, he searches for and finds Miyata, a Japanese artist, whose brother was a friend. Despite losing his life's work in the fire raids, Miyata is not only not bitter but seems above the miseries involved in living. They find a common interest in films and Miyata introduces Cleve to his daughter Eiko.

He returns the next day and spends it with Eiko. She draws him out, asking him to reveal his ambition. He replies that he has chased many ambitions of his own choosing but now has had one forced on him: to become an ace. He explains that he knows it is the result of a fatal pride but that flying fighters becomes first a sport and then a refuge. Finally he tells her that he wants to be remembered for something, a real performance akin to her aspiration to act in a great movie, and that in the final analysis his ambition is "Not to fail." Beyond that he has no answers about the future. With two days of his leave remaining, they make plans for him to return the next day.

Back at his hotel he meets DeLeo in the bar, where he is talking with Guthrie, another pilot on leave. Guthrie asks a fateful question: "Have you heard the news?" There was a big fight the day before over the Yalu, with eight MiGs shot down and three pilots lost, including Desmond. He feels sickened and helpless having missed it again, but Guthrie says there's more. Cleve asks sarcastically if Pell made ace, the worse scenario he could envision, but finds it is much more: Casey Jones is back. Deleo tries to talk him out of it, but Cleve immediately leaves to go back to Korea, followed by his reluctant and disgusted wingman.

[edit] Challenged

He returns to Kimpo before dawn and puts his flight on the morning mission. In the locker room after briefing he is surly with Pell, who is not only cocky but full of suggestions on how the mission ought to be flown and somewhat contemptuous of its veteran pilots. In the ensuing combat Cleve gets on the tail of a MiG, cripples it, and just as he is about to make the kill has to break off to rescue Pell, who mysteriously fell behind and is under attack by two other MiGs. One of the attacking MiGs spins out of control and crashes. Pell claims it as a kill. Pell has Imil's ear now, and despite the fact that the kill was only confirmed because of Cleve, suggests that he has no stomach for combat and leaves hanging in the air a suggestion that Pell ought to be leading the flight. Later he insinuates the same to Cleve and taunts him when rebuked.

Behind his back, Pell undercuts respect for Cleve with the other rookies of the flight. His resentment of Pell blinds Cleve to Pell's intentions when Daughters tries to support him, plus he is distracted by all the talk regarding Casey Jones. His ideal is to be free of competing for MiGs but he's only too aware that he's expected by everyone, even Daughters and DeLeo, to match whatever Pell accomplishes. His flight is scheduled for three missions the next day, a reconnaissance and two MiG sweeps. He assigns himself to the sweeps and puts Daughters with Pell on the early morning reconnaissance, where nothing is likely to happen.

To his anguish, the recon flight is jumped by six MiGs and shoots down two. Worse, only three ships of the flight return. They ran into Casey Jones, DeLeo says,who had him cold a dozen times but never fired. Daughters—with only a handful of missions to go—was shot down in flames. Pell got both MiGs and DeLeo accuses him of failing to do his assigned job: warning Daughters that MiGs were behind him. Pell protests his innocense, but when Cleve tells him he's going to ground him for abandoning his leader, Pell just smirks confidently. Imil, caring only about MiG kills, supports Pell and angrily accuses Cleve of trying to wreck the outfit, insinuates that he's shirking combat, and says that he "and that Italian...have got it in for Pell". He realizes he's lost all currency with Imil. Imil lionizes Pell, and when the new ace tries to ease his conscience with rationalizations of how Daughters might have gotten himself killed, Imil refuses even to listen.

Pell is sent to Japan as a reward for making ace and, curiously, asks that Hunter and Pettibone accompany him. No one except Cleve realizes (or cares) that Pell is making them acolytes to undermine Cleve's authority. Cleve imagines Daughters' terror at being shot down, and in the realization of his own mortality, comes to believe that his salvation will be in killing Casey Jones. When Pell returns, now a celebrity, he holds court for the other pilots, using Hunter as his Boswell. Cleve comes to hate Pell in a way that seems to wipe out everything else from his life, and when Imil admits he was wrong and tries to apologize, Cleve doesn't alter his desire to ground Pell, angering the colonel even more. Deleo finishes his tour; two new pilots join the flight and immediately become Pell's disciples. Hunter, who has ambitions of his own, still has loyalty to Cleve but clearly admires Pell.

[edit] The Hunters

Some time later, when Cleve has only six missions remaining, the entire group is briefed for an anticipated huge air battle. Fighter-bombers are going to attack a dam and hundreds of MiGs are expected to oppose it. Every ship in the group is sent, but Cleve is put in the last flight to go, with Hunter as his wingman. Large numbers of MiGs react, yet the strike is unopposed. Cleve and Hunter, the last in the area, almost stay too long trying to make contact and start back low on fuel. He spots four MiGs and heedless of his fuel state turns toward them. Unexpectedly four more appear above them and break into pairs; Hunter says the leader has black stripes.

The MiGs try to corner them but Cleve is determined to take the fight as far south as he can, in case the MiGs are also low on fuel. In their twisting, evasive turns they get off some bursts, descend to an altitude where their ships perform better, and the MiGs lose their advantage. Cleve recognizes an opportunity and closes in behind Casey Jones. The fight becomes a battle of wills and descends near the ground, where Casey tries an impossible diving manuever. Cleve somehow follows him through it and shoots him down.

Their fuel tanks nearly empty, Cleve and Hunter climb to 40,000 feet to attempt to glide back to base, a too-common practice. He calls Kimpo and warns them it's going to be very close, and in the middle of the crisis Imil wants to know if they got any MiGs. Cleve tells him "they" got one. Without power, both gamble trying to land and Cleve makes it. Hunter, less experienced, stalls and crashes just short of the field.

Imil wants to know about the MiG and Cleve is intoxicated, knowing it was Casey Jones. Then he learns Hunter was killed in the crash and that his own gun camera failed to function. Imil laments there is no way to confirm the kill. Cleve tells him it doesn't matter; it was Casey Jones. Pell objects strenuously that there is no way to confirm the kill. Imil, who has proclaimed that no one less skilled than himself could ever get Casey, quickly agrees with Pell.

Cleve has transcended them, however, in a way he'd never conceived possible, and finds his destiny. "I can confirm it," he declares suddenly, "Hunter got him."

Two missions later Pettibone loses sight of Cleve, who does not return to base. Pell, back after his seventh kill, tells a correspondent interviewing him that Cleve was one of the best, who taught him everything about air combat but never got lucky himself. Cleve was like his brother. "But don't write any of that," he says.

[edit] Style and theme

Salter has been praised for his descriptions of flight in this novel, including comparisons to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (New York Times Book Review),^[2] but until the next-to-last chapter, scenes involving flying are few and brief. Most of the progress of the narrative takes place in dialogue or in Cleve's impressions, where the journey is more through his soul than the combat missions. Salter's prose has been characterized as "spare...but also lush",^[3] and relies heavily on simile in descriptions of surroundings and impressions.

He occasionally employs the patois of the air war in Korea to give the flavor of the experience, but does not use technical jargon at all. In the entire text neither the designation "F-86" nor the nickname Sabre are ever mentioned, the slang term "ships" used instead, and only once is "MiG" expanded to be "MiG 15"^[4] and that in a character's dialogue. In all flying scenes, the point of view is that of the pilots, not the airplanes, using the nominative pronoun "they".

Salter's biographer, William Dowie, states that The Hunters is a "variation on the theme of man's desire for glory in the face of death." In giving the MiG kill, which is his finding of glory, to Billy Hunter, Cleve transcends his own ambitions and finds instead something more "authentic": leadership, the part of himself he had feared was lacking."^[5]

Dowie also notes that the protagonist of The Hunters was originally called "Cleve Saville", as is the main character of the film adaptation. In the 1997 re-issue of the novel, Salter has made several revisions,^[6] the main one of which is the renaming of Cleve to "Cleve Connell" with no indication why this was done.

[edit] Controversy

Salter had been a member of D Flight, 335th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron throughout the period of time when it was the one of the leading MiG-killing collection of pilots in Korea, scoring 28 victories.^[7] Three of its eight pilots became aces, including 2nd Lt. James Low. As with circumstances in the novel, Salter joined the flight before it had registered any MiG claims but unlike the novel, flew as a wingman and not as flight lead. Low joined the flight in April, about eight weeks after Salter, after D flight's pilots had begun racking up their score. The flight leader, Captain Philip E. "Casey" Colman, had a unique policy that allowed anyone in the flight to shoot MiGs, rather than only flight and element leads. Low appears to have taken advantage of that policy to his own aggrandizement.^[8]

Almost from the first Low garnered a reputation for breaking away from his formation to pursue MiGs; his element lead, future ace James H. Kasler, was nearly shot down when Low broke away during a dogfight and shot down his first MiG. However just as depicted in The Hunters, the 4th Wing's commander Colonel Harrison Thyng "went to bat for him" because he wanted MiG kills.^[9] Within a month Low had scored his fifth kill, the only second lieutenant in Korea to become an ace. A month after that, following his sixth kill, Low was sent back to the United States on temporary duty to lecture on the radar gunsight, of which he was undoubtedly an expert. When he returned to Korea in October he found himself something of a paraiah among the new leadership in the 4th Wing. He shot down three more MiG's in Korea, then was sent home, and some pilots alleged it was for losing his wingman.^[10]

When Salter wrote The Hunters his use of Low as a model for Ed Pell was obvious. Controversy over the depiction remained low key until release of the film version, which transformed Pell's character into an immature but likeable pilot who redeems himself after losing his wingman. F-86 afficianados sought to get the "whole story" and interviewed Low, who then got in his own shots. Low disparaged Salter as a poor fighter pilot, a "Hudson High boy" (West Point graduate) who had an aversion to combat (echoing a comment Pell makes to Imil about Cleve: "I don't think he goes for this combat flying too much"),^[11] and implied that Salter's dislike of him was his actual motivation for the Pell character. ^[12]

[edit] Notes

[edit] Background sources

• Werrell, Kenneth P. (2005). Sabres over MiG Alley. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-933-9.

• "A Final Glory: The Novels of James Salter" reproduced on JSTOR