TGF beta

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Transforming growth factor beta-1 Solution Structure Of Tgf-B1, Nmr, Minimized Average Structure Other names: TGF-beta-1 Genetic data Gene code: HUGO code:TGFB1 Protein Structure/Function Structure: Molecular structure Protein type: TGF beta family Functions: cell differentiation, growth, cell proliferation Other Taxa expressing: Homo sapiens; homologs: many metazoan phyla Cell types: many Subcellular localization: extracellular Covalent modifications: glycosylation Medical/Biotechnological data Diseases: Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 131300, Modifier of Cystic fibrosis

Transforming growth factor beta-2 Other names: TGF-beta-2, Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TSF, BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, Polyergin, Cetermin Genetic data Gene code: HUGO code:TGFB2 Protein Structure/Function Structure: Molecular structure Protein type: TGF beta family Other Taxa expressing: Homo sapiens; homologs: many metazoan phyla Cell types: many Subcellular localization: extracellular Covalent modifications: glycosylation

Transforming growth factor beta-3 Other names: TGF-beta-3 Genetic data Gene code: HUGO code:TGFB3 Protein Structure/Function Structure: Molecular structure Protein type: TGF beta family Functions: cell differentiation, embryogenesis Domains: TGFB Other Taxa expressing: Homo sapiens; homologs: many metazoan phyla Cell types: many Subcellular localization: extracellular Covalent modifications: glycosylation Medical/Biotechnological data Diseases: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia 1

Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF beta) is a biological protein. It is one of a family of proteins known as the TGF-beta superfamily which includes inhibins, activin, anti-müllerian hormone, bone morphogenetic protein, decapentaplegic and Vg-1. TGF beta controls proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in most cell types. It can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor.

Contents 1 Role in apoptosis 2 Role in cell cycle 3 TGFβ1 4 TGFβ2 5 TGFβ3 6 TGFβ4 7 External links

[edit] Role in apoptosis

TGF beta induces apoptosis in numerous cell types. TGF beta can induce apoptosis in two ways: The SMAD pathway or the DAXX pathway.

The SMAD pathway is the classical signaling pathway that TGF beta family members signal through. In this pathway TGF beta dimers binds to a type II receptor which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor then recruits and phosphorylates a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD). SMAD3, an R-SMAD, is implicated in inducing apoptosis. The R-SMAD then binds to the common SMAD (coSMAD) SMAD4 and forms a heteromeric complex. This complex then enters the cell nucleus where it activates the Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 pathway. This then triggers apoptosis.

TGF beta may also trigger apoptosis via the death associated protein 6 (DAXX adapter protein). DAXX has been shown to associate with and bind to the type II TGF beta receptor kinase.

[edit] Role in cell cycle

TGF beta plays a crucial role in the regulation of the cell cycle.

[edit] TGFβ1

Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGFβ1 is a polypeptide member of the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ligands. It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions, including: cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis.

Identifiers
Symbol(s)	TGFB1 TGFB, DPD1
Entrez	7040
OMIM	190180
RefSeq	NM_000660
UniProt	P01137
Other data
Locus	Chr. 19 q13.1

[edit] TGFβ2

It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. There are two named isoforms of this protein, created by alternative splicing.

Identifiers
Symbol(s)	TGFB2
Entrez	7042
OMIM	190220
RefSeq	NM_003238
UniProt	P61812
Other data
Locus	Chr. 1 q41

[edit] TGFβ3

It is involved in cell differentiation and embryogenesis.

[edit] TGFβ4

TGFβ4 precursor was discovered as a gene uprehulated during pre-menstrual phase in the endometrail stroma(Kothapalli et al. 1997) and called EBAF (endometrial bleeding associated factor). Later independently discovered to be involved in vertebrate embryonic left right asymetry determination, and given the famous name lefty2 (also called Lefty A).

Identifiers
Symbol(s)	TGFB3
Entrez	7043
OMIM	190230
RefSeq	NM_003239
UniProt	P10600
Other data
Locus	Chr. 14 q24

[edit] External links

• Description of the TGF beta producing genes
• Diagram of the TGF beta signaling pathway