Ten thousand years

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The phrase "ten thousand years", or "wànsuì", was used to bless the emperors in East Asia in ancient times. The phrase was originated in ancient China, where it was customary to pay respects to the Emperor by repeating the phase for multiple times, like " Wú huáng wànsuì, wànsuì, wànwànsuì" (吾皇萬歲，萬歲，萬萬歲, literally "May my Emperor [live and reign for] ten thousands years, ten thousand years, ten thousand of ten thousands years"). It is usually translated into English as "Long live!" although it has historical connotations that are not present in the English phrase. "Ten thousand" in Chinese numerals has a connotation of infinity, innumerability, similar to the Greek myriad or the million (as in the phrase "not in a million years" or "a-million-men strong").

Contents 1 China 1.1 Modern use 2 Japan 3 Korea 4 Quotation 5 See also

[edit] China

Although it was once used casually like "Cheers to your health", it came to be used to exclusively address the emperor during the Tang Dynasty. It became a prayer for the emperor's long life and reign.

In later Imperial history, using it to address someone other than the emperor was considered an act of sedition and consequently highly dangerous. During the Ming Dynasty, especially during the reign of weak emperors (such as the Tianqi emperor), powerful eunuchs such as Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian took the title "jiǔ qiān suì" (九千歲, literally "9000 years"), to display their high position, which was close to the emperor. In fact, their powers often exceeded those of the emperor, and it was these eunuchs who ran state affairs.

[edit] Modern use

In modern times the term is posted on the gates of the Forbidden City, i.e. the Tiananmen, in which there are large signs which read "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó wànsuì" (Traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國萬歲; Simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国万岁, literally "Long live the People's Republic of China") and "Shìjiè rénmín dàtuánjié wànsuì" (Traditional Chinese: 世界人民大團結萬歲; Simplified Chinese: 世界人民大团结万岁, literally "Long live the Great Unity of the world's people"). During the Cultural Revolution, the saying "Máo Zhǔxí wànsuì!" (Traditional Chinese: 毛主席萬歲; Simplified Chinese: 毛主席万岁, literally "Long live Chairman Mao!") was commonly used to toast Mao Zedong . Apart from these special cases, the phrase is almost never used in political slogans today. In casual conversation, however, the phrase is used simply as an exclamation of joy. For example, CCTV commentator Huang Jianxiang shouted "Long live Italy!" (意大利万岁) during a game at 2006 FIFA World Cup.

[edit] Japan

The Chinese term was introduced to Japan as banzei (Kana: ばんぜい) in the 8th century. It expressed respect for the emperor in Japan as well.

Banzei was revived as banzai after the Meiji Restoration. Banzai as a formal ritual was established in the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 when university students shouted banzai in front of the emperor's carriage.

During WWII, banzai became the battle cry of sorts for Japanese soldiers, with kamikaze pilots reportedly shouting banzai as they rammed their planes into enemy ships. Banzai charge (or banzai attack) has become a common term in English during WWII.

At the same time, banzai also came to be used unrelated to the emperor. The supporters of freedom and people's rights movements began to shout "Jiyū banzai" (Kanji: 自由万歳; Kana: じゆうばんざい, literally "Long Live Freedom") in 1883. Today banzai has become a word of congratulation.

[edit] Korea

The same term is pronounced manse in Korean. In Silla of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, it was used as a casual exclamation. It was a part of the era name of Taebong, one of the Later Three Kingdoms, declared by the king Gung Ye in 911. During the Joseon dynasty, Korea used cheonse (Hanja: 千歲; Hangul: 천세, literally "one thousand years") in deference to the Chinese emperor.

In the 20th century, various protests against Japanese occupation used the term in their names, including a pro-independence newspaper established in 1906, the March 1st Movement of 1919, and the June 10th Movement of 1926.

[edit] Quotation

• "To chant 'Long live!' is to contradict natural laws. Everyone has to die sooner or later, whether they be killed by germs, crushed by a collapsing house, or blown to smithereens by an atom bomb. Anyway, one way or another everyone ends up dead. After people die they shouldn't be allowed to occupy any more space. They should be cremated. I'll take the lead. We should all be burnt after we die, turned into ashes and used for fertilizer." —Mao Zedong, in comments made when signing "A Proposal that all Central Leaders be Cremated after Death" in November 1956. Ironically, he was referred to with the phrase "long live for ten thousand years" during the Cultural Revolution and was preserved and put on display when he died.

[edit] See also

• Sto lat, a similar Polish phrase and song meaning "one hundred years"