Tehran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 35°41′46.28″N, 51°25′22.66″E
تهران Tehran
View from Jamaran looking southwest toward Elahiyeh, Jordan, and Shemiran districts of Tehran.
Nickname: "The city of 72 nations."


Mayor	Mohammad Ghalibaf
Area
- City	1500 km² (579 sq mi)
- Urban	686 km² (265 sq mi)
- Metro	18,814 km² (7,264 sq mi)
Elevation	1200 m (3900 ft)
Population
- City (est.)	7,314,000
- Density	10,000/km²
- Metro	12,150,742
	Data refers to Tehran Province

For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation).

Tehran (IPA: [tʰehˈɾɒn]; Persian: تهران, also transliterated as Teheran or Tehrān), population (as of 2005) 7,314,000 (metropolitan: 12,151,000), and a land area of 658 square kilometers, is the capital city of Iran (Persia) and the center of Tehran Province.

More than half of the country's industry is based there. Industries include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, military weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture. There is an oil refinery nearby.

Tehran is a sprawling city at the foot of the Alborz mountain range with an immense network of highways unparalleled in western Asia. It is also the hub of the country's railway network. The city has numerous large museums, art centers, palace complexes and cultural centers.

In addition to Persians, there is a large population of Azeris in Tehran, as well as other ethnicities including Armenian, Assyrian, Kurdish, Jewish and Zoroastrian communities. The majority of Tehran's residents speak Persian. The city is dotted with mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples.

[edit] Etymology

There are various theories pertaining to the origin of the name Tehran. One plausible theory is that the word "Tehran" is derived from Tiran/Tirgan, "The Abode of Tir" (Tir being the Zoroastrian deity equivalent to the Greek deity Mercury). The ancient Parthian town of Tiran was a neighbor to the town of Mehran ("The Abode of Mehr/Mithra", the Zoroastrian sun god). Both of these were mere villages in the suburbs of the great city of Ray/Rhages. Mehran is still extant and forms a residential district inside the Greater Tehran, as is also Ray—which forms the southern suburbs of Tehran.

Another theory is that Tehran means "a warm place", as opposed to "a cool place" (e.g. Shemiran)—a cooler district in northern Tehran. Some current texts in this regard claim that the word Tehran in Persian means "warm mountain slope" (دامنه گرم).

The official City of Tehran website says that "Tehran" comes from the Persian words "Tah" meaning "end or bottom" and "Ran" meaning "[mountain] slope"—literally, bottom of the mountain slope. Given Tehran's geographic position at the bottom of the slope of the Alborz Mountains, this appears to be the most plausible explanation of the origin of the name of the city (دامنه ی بین دو کوه).

[edit] History

Toopkhaneh Square, Tehran, the early to mid-1900s.

Azadi Square is currently the symbol of Tehran.

Excavations place the existence of settlements in Tehran as far back as 6000 BC. Tehran was well known as a village in the 9th century, but was less well-known than the city of Rhages which was flourishing nearby in the pre-Mongol era. In the 13th century, following the destruction of Ray by Mongols, many of its inhabitants fled to Tehran. In some sources of the Mongol era the city is mentioned as "Rhages's Tehran" (طهرانِ ری). The city is later mentioned in Hamdollah Mostowfi's Nuz'hat al-Qulub (written in 1340) as a famous village.

Don Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, a Castilian ambassador, was probably the first European to visit Tehran, stopping in July 1404, while on a journey to Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan) and the Mongol capital at the time. At this time, the city of Tehran was unwalled.

Tehran became a residence of the Safavid rulers in the 17th century. Tahmasp I built a bazaar and a wall around the city, but it somewhat fell out of favour after Abbas I turned sick when he was passing the city to go to a war with the Uzbeks.

In the early 18th century, Karim Khan Zand ordered a palace, a harem, and a government office to be built in Tehran, possibly to declare the city his capital, but later moved his government to Shiraz. Tehran finally became the capital of Persia in 1795, when the Qajar king Agha Mohammad Khan was crowned in the city. It remains the capital to this day.

During World War II, British and Soviet troops entered the city. Tehran was the site of the Teheran Conference in 1943, attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin.

Following the war, the city's older landmarks suffered under the rule of Mohammad Reza Shah. The Shah believed that ancient buildings such as large parts of the Golestan Palace, Takieh-ye Dowlat, the Toopkhooneh Square (pictured to the right), and others should not be part of a modern city. They were systematically destroyed and modern 1950s and 1960s buildings were built in their place. The decision to carry this out is presently largely seen as a foolish mistake that hurt the visual fabric of the city beyond repair.

Khalvat Karimkhani.

On September 8, 1978, demonstrations against the Shah led to riots. The army reportedly opened fire on the demonstrating mob. Martial law was installed in the wake of the ensuing revolution, from 1978–79.

During the 1980–88 Iran-Iraq War, Tehran was the scene of repeated Scud missile attacks and air strikes against random residential and industrial targets within the city, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties. Material damage was repaired soon after each strike.

[edit] Modern Tehran

Borj-e Sefid (The White Tower) in Pasdaran Ave. district.

The Azadi Tower is the first landmark visitors come across when arriving from the Mehrabad International Airport. The tower has become an icon for Tehran and a national symbol of Iran.

Tehran suffers from extremely serious traffic congestion and pollution problems. Respiratory ailments such as asthma are very common. Tehran has become so congested over the past decade that the government has considered moving the nation's capital to another city to alleviate these problems and help de-centralize the economy and population. But because Iran's economy and politics are so centralized, millions have little choice but to live and work in Tehran.

The Peacock Throne of the Persian Shahs can be found in Tehran's Golestan Palace. Some of the important museums are National Museum of Iran, Sa'dabad Palaces Complex, Glassware and Ceramics Museum of Iran, The Carpet Museum of Iran, Tehran's Underglass painting Museum, and Niavaran Palace Complex. The Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art features the works of great artists such as Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol.

The huge Tehran International Fair organises many expositions. Its book expositions are especially popular. Tehran is also the seat of Iran's Parliament (the Majles). And Tehran is also home to the world's fourth tallest free standing structure, the Milad Tower.

[edit] The Milad Complex

The Milad Complex and the Milad Tower (4th highest tower in the world and the highest in the Middle East).

The Tehran International Trade and Convention Center, also called The Milad Complex, is one of the largest structures in Iranian architecture. It is scheduled to be finished in late 2007. The complex contains the world's 4th highest tower which has several restaurants, a five star hotel, a convention center, a world trade center, and an IT park (to be completed by March 2007). The complex seeks to respond to the needs of business in the globalized world of the 21st century by offering facilities combining trade, information, communication, convention and accommodation all in one place. The Milad Tower is predicted to replace the long-time symbol of Tehran, the Azadi Tower.

[edit] Location and Subdivisions

Tehran county borders Shemiranat county to the north, Damavand county to the east, Eslamshahr, Pakdasht, and Ray counties to the south, and Karaj and Shahriar counties to the west.

Map showing position of Tehran county as well as Tehran city in Tehran Province

[edit] Neighborhoods and Districts of Tehran

Hasanabad district near the old Bazaar of Tehran.

Keshavarz Blvd.

The city of Tehran is divided into 22 municipal districts, each with its own administrative centers. Within these 22 districts, Tehran contains the following major neighborhoods :

Abbas Abad, Afsariyeh, Amir Abad, Bagh Feiz, Baharestan, Darakeh, Darband, Dardasht, Dar Abad, Darrous, Dehkadeh Olampik, Ekhtiyariyeh, Elahiyeh, Evin, Farmanieh,Gheitariye, Gholhak, Gisha, Gomrok, Hasan Abad, Jamaran, Jannat Abad, Javadiyeh, Jomhuri, Jordan, Narmak, Navvab, Nazi Abad, Niavaran, Park-e Shahr, Pasdaran, Punak, Ray, Sa'adat Abad, Sadeghiyeh, Shahrara, Shahr-e ziba, Shahrak-e Gharb, Shemiran, Tajrish, Tehranpars, Vanak, Velenjak, Yaft Abad, Yusef Abad, Zafaraniyeh, etc.

For the full list, see List of the localities around Tehran.

[edit] The older neighborhoods of Tehran

Tehran's old city fabric changed dramatically during the Pahlavi era. Some of the older remaining districts of Tehran are: Udlajan, Sangelaj, Bazaar, Chaleh Meydan, Doulat. Chaleh Meydan is the oldest neighborhood of the aforementioned.

[edit] Economy

About 30% of Iran’s public-sector workforce and 45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran and almost half of these workers work for the government. Most of the remainder of workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, labourers, and transport workers. Few foreign companies operate in Tehran because of the Islamic government and its poor relations with the west. But before the Islamic revolution many western companies were active in this region. Today many modern industries of this city include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture. There is an oil refinery nearby. The city has two airports, including Mehrabad International Airport, and Imam Khomeini International Airport. Tehran relies heavily on private cars, buses, motorcycles, and taxis, and is one of the most car-dependent cities in the world. The Tehran Stock Exchange, which is a full member of the Federation Internationale des Bourses de Valeurs (FIBV) and a founding member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges, was one of the world's best performing stock exchanges in recent years.[1].

[edit] Transport

Tehran currently has 3 operational metro lines (Line 1, 2 and 5)

Traffic in Tehran.

In 2001 a metro system that had been in planning since the 1970s opened the first two of seven envisaged lines -- even though the city is prone to earthquakes. Work has been slow and coverage remains very limited. Development of the Tehran metro system had been interrupted by the Islamic Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War. Problems arising from the late completion of the metro led to buses taking on the role of the metro lines, serving mainly long distance routes. Taxis filled the void for local journeys. The taxis only drive on main roads, and only within the local area, so it can be necessary to take several taxis to get to one's final destination. This has all led to extreme congestion and air pollution within the city.

Tehran is served by Mehrabad International Airport, the old airport which doubles as a military base located in the western part of the city, and Imam Khomeini International Airport, 50 kilometers south, which handles flights from the Persian Gulf but which will eventually handle all international flights. The new airport is more than overdue, but is efficient, although security concerns have made the governments of Britain and Australia warn their foreign nationals in Iran.

Tehran also has a central train station with connecting services round the clock to various cities in the country. There are four bus terminals that also provide connections at low fares. These are the South, East, West, and Bei-haghi Park-Drive Terminals.

While the center of the city houses the government ministries and headquarters, the commercial centers are more located toward Valiasr Street, Taleghani Ave, and Beheshti Ave. further north. Although administratively separate, Rey, Shemiran, and Karaj are often considered part of the larger Tehran metropolitan area.

[edit] Pollution

View from Modarres Highway. Rainy days help reduce pollution.

Tehran, like many big cities, suffers from severe air pollution and the city is often covered by smog making breathing difficult and causing widespread pulmonary illnesses. It is estimated that about 27 people die each day from pollution-related diseases.[2]

The air pollution is due to several different reasons: 1) Economical: most Iranian industries are located on the outskirts of Tehran. The city is also overrun with old and aging cars which do not meet today's emission regulations. Furthermore, Iran's busiest airport, Mehrabad International Airport, is located in the west of the city; 2) Infrastructure: Tehran has a poor public transportation network. Buses and metros do not cover every area of the city. Most people are then obliged to either use private cars or hire taxis. This has created severe traffic and congestion; 3) Geographical: Tehran is bound in the north by the massive Alborz mountain range that is stopping the flow of the humid Caspian wind. As a result, thermal inversion that traps Tehran's polluted air is frequently observed. The lack of humidity and clouds makes Tehran a very sunny city. The UV radiations then combined with the existing pollutants significantly raise the level of the ozone.

The government, however, is engaged in a battle to reduce the air pollution. It has for instance encouraged taxis and buses to convert from petrol engines to engines that run on compressed natural gas. Furthermore, since 1979 the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has setup a "Traffic Zone" (طرح ترافیک) covering the city center during peak traffic hours. Entering and driving inside this zone is only allowed with a special permit. The government is also trying to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently been employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO). The board also displays the Pollutant Standard Index (PSI), which is a general indication of air quality based on the measurements of the above-mentioned five pollutants. The Pollution Indicator Boards classify the level of each pollutants as either safe, hazardous or dangerous.

[edit] Research and education

Ever since the establishment of Darolfonoon in the mid 1800s, Tehran has amassed an abundance of institutions of higher education. Some of these institutions have played crucial roles in the unfolding of Iranian political events. Tehran University is the earliest state university and the largest university of Iran. Samuel M. Jordan, whom "Jordan Avenue" in Tehran is named after, was also one of the founding pioneers of the American College of Tehran. Today There are nearly 50 major colleges and universities in total in Greater Tehran, listed below:

K.N.Toosi University of Technology (KNTU)
Allameh Tabatabaii University (ATU)
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)
Alzahra University (AU)
Imam Hossein University (IHU)
Imam Sadeq University (ISU)
Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM)
Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS
Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)
Islamic Azad University of Karaj
Islamic Azad University of Roodehen
Islamic Azad University of Tehran-Medical Sciences
Islamic Azad University of Tehran-North
Islamic Azad University of Tehran-South
Islamic Azad University of Tehran-Central
Islamic Azad University of Tehran-Region one
Islamic Azad University of Shahr-e-Rey
Shahed University
Shahid Beheshti University (SBU)
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS)
Sharif University of Technology
Tarbiat Modares University (TMU)
Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Farabi Institute of Virtual Higher Education

Tarbiat Moallem University
University of The Arts
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
University of Tehran
University of Emam Reza
Hadith College of Tehran
Imam Ali University for Army Officers
Comprehensive University of Technology
Tehran University of Applied Science and Technology
Tehran College of Environment
Bagher Aloloum University
International University of Iran
Iran College of Tele-communications
Medical University for the Islamic Republic of Iran's Army
NAJA University of Police
School of Economic Affairs (SEA)
School of International Relations (SIR)
Shahed University of Medical Sciences
Shahid Sattari University of Aeronautical Engineering
University of Islamic Sects
The Research Institute of The Petroleum Industry
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Power and Water Institute of Technology(PWIT) (website)
Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University

Tehran also contains Iran's largest military academy, and several religious schools and seminaries. See List of colleges and universities in Tehran for a more comprehensive listing.

[edit] Sport

Tehran was the first city in the Middle East to host the Asian Games. The 7th Asian Summer Games in 1974, was held with the participation of 2,363 athletes and officials from 25 countries.

Tehran is also the site of Iran's national football stadium on Azadi Sport Complex with 100,000 seating capacity. Many of the top matches of Iran's Premier League are held here. In 2005, FIFA ordered Iran to limit spectators allowed into Azadi stadium because of a fatal crush and inadequate safety procedures. Other stadiums in Tehran are Shahid Dastgerdi Stadium, Takhti Stadium, and Shahid Shirudi Stadium, among others.

The French (Poma) built gondolas that carry tourists and skiers to Tochal mountain.

Within 10 minutes of driving distance from Tehran lies a ski resort. Tochal is the world's fifth highest ski resort at over 3730m at its highest 7th station. The resort was completed in 1976 shortly before the overthrow of the Shah.

Here, one must first ride the eight km (five mile) long gondola lift which covers a huge vertical. The 7th station has three slopes. The resort's longest slope is the south side U shaped slope which goes from the 7th station to 5th station. The other two slopes are located on the north side of the 7th station. Here, there are two parallel chair ski lifts that go up to 3900m near Tochal's peak (at 4000m), rising higher than the gondola 7th station. This altitude is higher than any of the European resorts.

From the Tochal peak, one has a spectacular view of the Alborz range, including the 5671 metre (18606 ft) high Mt. Damavand, a dormant volcano.

At the bottom of the lifts in a valley behind the Tochal peak is Tochal hotel, located at 3500m altitude. From there a T lift takes skiers up the 3800 metres of Shahneshin peak, where the third slope of Tochal is.

Tochal 7th station has skiing eight months of the year. But there are also some glaciers and year-round snow fields near Tehran where skiing began in 1938, thanks to the efforts of two German railway engineers. Today, 12 ski resorts operate in Iran, but the most famous are Tochal, Dizin, and Shemshak, all within one to three hours of Tehran.

See also: Sports in Iran

[edit] Football

In football (soccer), Tehran is host to seven football clubs in Iran's Premier Football League, namely:

Azadi Football Stadium is the biggest venue for Iranian football (soccer). Its also the world's 4th largest soccer stadium.

These clubs have on numerous occasions won Asian titles, and some of their players are known internationally. The prominent matches are usually held at Azadi stadium.

[edit] Outdoors

Tochal Ski resort
Darband hiking trail
Chitgar Park
Mellat Park
Laleh Park
Jamshidieh Park
Niavaran Park
Sa'ei Park
Daneshju Park
Shahr-e Bazi amusement park.
Shatranj Park
Darabad hiking trail
Darakeh hiking trail
Jahan-e Kudak Park
Azadi Sports complex
Enghelab Sports Complex and Golf course
Several caves, springs, and waterfalls outisde Tehran.
Latyan Lake
Lavizan Forest Park
Vardavard Forest Park
Khajeer National Park
Kavir National Park
Tar Lake
Amir Kabir Lake
Lar Protected Natural Habitat
Varjeen Protected Natural Habitat
Pardisan
Tangeh Savashi
Shahr-e Bazi

[edit] Images of Tehran

A panoramic photograph of Tehran

Wikipedia Images of Tehran

[edit] Landmarks

Bagh-e Melli (National Garden)	Iran's National Rug Gallery	AzaImagedi1.jpg Azadi Tower, Azadi Square.	The largest flower clock in the world, Modarres Expwy.
Khalvat-e Karimkhani, Golestan Palace.	Toghrol Tower, 12th century.	"Khushk-i Ahmad Shah", Niavaran Palace Complex	"Shamsol emareh", Golestan Palace

[edit] Its culture

Zafaraniyeh and Sa'd abad district have a wealth of cultural attractions: Sa'd Abad Palace	Hasanabad near the Bazaar of Tehran.	A bowl from the 4th Millennium BCE in the National Museum of Iran.	National Library of Iran, Niavaran branch.
Imamzadeh Saleh	Tehran University	Shahid Beheshti University	Tomb of Rahi Moayeri
Sharif University of Technology

[edit] Its nature and life

Pol-e Rumi district has a wealth of restaurants and fast food outlets, both western and traditional.	Tehran's autumn.	Tehran Metro	Tehran's winter
Tehran receives fairly large amounts of snowfall every year.	Tehran from Modarres highway	Niavaran Park	Laleh Park
Ferdowsi square

[edit] Culture and attractions

Tehran, as Iran's showcase and historical capital city, has a wealth of cultural attractions, some of which are listed below.

Cultural Attractions of Tehran edit
Palaces	Golestan Palace and Takht-e Marmar, Niavaran Palace Complex, Sadabad Palace, Saltanat Abad Palace, Firouzeh Palace, Soleymaniyeh Palace, Baharestan Palace, Morvarid Palace, The new Majlis
Museums	Sa'd Abad Gallery of Fine Arts, Glassware Museum of Tehran, Iran's National Rug Gallery, Reza Abbasi Museum, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran Theater of the Performing Arts, Talar Vahdat Theater, National Museum of Iran, Dar-abad Nature & Wildlife Museum, National Library of Iran, Malek National Library, National Car Museum of Iran
Castles and Forts	Arzhang fort in Taleqan, Iraj Fort in Varamin, Gol e Khandan Fort in Rudehen from Sassanid era, Rashkan Fort in Ray from Parthian era, Tabbarok Fort from Abbasid era, Sorkheh-Hesar Fort from Seljuqi era, Kei-Qobad Fort in Taleqan from Ismaili era, Gabri Fort from Parthian era in Ray, Ghal'eh Dokhtar Tang Goseel near Karaj from Seljuqi era, Harun Prison from Sassanid era, Bagh e Melli foreign ministry compounds.
Famous Houses	Etehadiyeh House (Qajar era), Amir Bahador House (Qajar era), Emam Jom'eh House (1863CE), Amin ol-Soltan House (Qajar era), Shaqāqi (Kushak) House (Qajar era), Emārat e Bagh e Ferdows (Qajar era), Emārat Farmaniyeh (Qajarid era), Shahid Modarres House, Vothuq House (1837CE), Moshir o-Dowleh Pir Nia House, House of Nima Yooshij, House of Mohammed Mossadegh, House of Ayatollah Taleghani, House of Ghavam o-Dowleh, House of Imam Khomeini, House of Mahmoud Hessaby.
Archeological sites	Cheshme Ali Teppe (5th millennium BCE) excavated by Jacques de Morgan, Shoghali Teppe (6th millennium BCE), Qeytariyeh Cemetery (2nd millennium BCE), Teppe Meel (excavated by Jacques de Morgan) believed to be the temple of the legendary ancient leader Bahram Gur, Vavan Teppe of Sassanid era, Ghareh Teppe (6th millennium CE) excavated by the British Burton Brown, Ozbaki Teppe in Hashtgerd
Others	Iran National Library, The Milad Tower, Darolfonoon, Morvarid Canon of the Afsharid dynasty era, Tughrul Tower of Seljuqi era, Tehran's Grand Bazaar (1523CE), Pol e Rumi from the Safavid era (today a property of the Embassy of Turkey), Alborz High School, Firouz Bahram High School, Stodan Of Zoroastrian located in Aminabad area.

[edit] Religious centers

Hosseiniye Ershad
Soltani Mosque, built by Fath Ali Shah
Atiq Mosque, built in 1663.
Mo'ezz o-dowleh mosque, built by Fath Ali Shah
Haj Seyd Azizollah mosque, built by Fath Ali Shah
Al-javad mosque, Iran's first modernist design mosque.
The Old Sepahsalar mosque, another prominent Qajar era mosque.
The new Sepahsalar mosque (Madreseh e Motahari)
Filsuf o-dowleh Mosque, Qajar era
Moshir ol-Saltaneh Mosque, Qajar era
Mo'ayyer ol-Mamalik Mosque, Qajar era
Shahr Banu Mausoleum
Javan-mard Qassab Mausoleum, a pre-Islamic semi-mythical hero
Dozens of Imam-zadeh shrines, hundreds of years old, including that of Imam Zadeh Saleh.
Dozens of Saqa Khanehs: traditional places of prayer
Several Tekyehs: traditional places for mourning Muharram ceremonies for Husayn ibn Ali.
Ibn Babviyeh cemetery, where many Iranian giants such as Takhti and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda are buried.
Zahir o-dowleh cemetery, where many Iranian giants of art and culture such as Iraj Mirza, Mohammad Taghi Bahar, Forough Farrokhzad, Abolhasan Saba, Ruhollah Khaleghi, and Darvish-khan are buried.
Kordan Tomb, Seljuqi era, Karaj.
Maydanak Tomb, 13th century, Karaj
The Polish Cemetery 1-north of Tehran in British Gholhak Garden, where numerous World War II western Allied soldiers are buried. 2- Polish cemetery (Catholic cemetery) Dulab south of Tehran
Orthodox Cemetery, Dulab/The Russian Unknown Soldier's Tomb (Cenotaph) is located here with a red star over it
Tower of silence (Dakhme gabrha). Located on Moshiryh Road behind 7th unit of Tehran cement factory. It is circular in shape.
Naghare Khane Tower. Located on a mountain with same name (Nagharekhane) in Haftdastagh District, beside Amin Abad Road. Its age is not clear but it is related to the Seljuk Era. This tower is the tomb of a Seljuk king. Under the tower you can see other historical ruins (Einanj Dome). This place is a royal cemetery and was used in the early years of the Islamic Era in Persia.