Taxonomy of manufacturing processes

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This tree lists various manufacturing processes arranged by similarity of function.


  1. Casting
    1. Sand casting
    2. Plastic mold
    3. Shell mold
    4. Investment casting (lost wax, precision)
    5. Permanent mold
    6. Centrifugal
    7. Die
    8. Slush or slurry
    9. Full mold
    10. Low pressure
    11. Continuous Molding
  2. Molding
    1. Powder metallurgy
      1. Compaction plus sintering
    2. Plastics (see also rapid-prototyping)
      1. Injection
      2. Compression
      3. Transfer
      4. Extrusion
      5. Blow
      6. Rotational
      7. Thermoforming
      8. Laminating
      9. Expandable bead
      10. Foam
      11. Rotomolding
      12. Vacuum plug assist
      13. Pressure plug assist
      14. Matched mold
    3. Shrink fitting
    4. Shrink wrapping
  3. Forming
    1. Forging
      1. Smith
      2. Hammer
      3. Drop
      4. Press
      5. Impact (see also Extrusion)
      6. Upset
      7. No draft
      8. High-energy-rate
      9. Cored
      10. Incremental
      11. Powder
    2. Rolling (Thick plate and Sheet metal)
      1. Cold rolled
      2. Hot rolled
      3. Sheet Metal
      4. Shape
      5. Ring
      6. Transverse
      7. Orbital
      8. Cross-rolling
      9. Thread
    3. Extrusion (pushing through a die)
    4. Pressing
      1. Embossing
      2. Stretch forming
      3. Blanking (see drawing below)
      4. Drawing (manufacturing) (pulling sheet metal. wire, bar or tube)
        1. Bulging
        2. Necking
        3. Nosing
        4. Oil-canning
      5. Deep drawing (sinks, auto body)
    5. Bending
      1. Hemming
    6. Piercing
      1. Stamping
      2. Coining
    7. Miscellaneous other
      1. Redrawing
      2. Ironing
      3. Flattening
      4. Swaging
      5. Spinning
      6. Peening
      7. Guerin process
      8. Wheelon process
      9. Magnetic pulse
      10. Explosive
      11. Electroforming
      12. Staking
      13. Seaming
      14. Flanging
      15. Straightening
    8. Shearing
      1. Line shearing (slitting)
        1. Trimming
        2. Shaving
        3. Notching
        4. Perforating
        5. Nibbling
        6. Dinking
        7. Lancing
        8. Cutoff
  4. Machining (material removal)
    1. Mills
      1. Grist mill
      2. Hammer mill
      3. Ball mill
      4. Buhrstone mill
      5. Disc mill
      6. Saw mill
      7. Steel mill
        1. Blast furnace
        2. Smelting
        3. Refining
        4. Casting (see #1 above)
        5. Reduction mill
        6. Aneal
        7. Pickling
        8. Passivate
        9. Coating
    2. Milling
      1. Grind
      2. Cut
      3. Shear
      4. Shred
      5. Fiberize
      6. Pulverize
      7. Crushing
        1. Jaw crusher
        2. Gyratory crusher
        3. Rollers
        4. Edge runner
      8. Granulate
      9. Crack
      10. Rub
      11. Curl
      12. Fluff
      13. Twist
      14. Hull
      15. Blend
      16. Refine
      17. Atomize
      18. Centrifugal disintegration
      19. Peripheral (slab)
      20. Face
      21. Chemical
    3. Turning
      1. Lathe
      2. Facing
      3. Boring
      4. Spinning (flow turning)
      5. Knurling
      6. Cutoff (parting)
    4. Drilling
      1. Ream
      2. Countersink
      3. Tapping
    5. Sawing
      1. Filing
    6. Broaching
    7. Shaping
      1. Horizontal
      2. Vertical
      3. Special purpose
    8. Planing
      1. Double housing
      2. Open-side
      3. Edge or plate
      4. Pit-type
      5. Abrasive jet machining
      6. Water jet cutting
      7. Abrasive belt
    9. Honing (Sharpening)
      1. Electro-chemical grinding
    10. Finishing
      1. Polishing
      2. Buffing
      3. Burnishing
      4. Grit- or shot-blasting
      5. Tumbling
      6. Wire brushing
      7. Superfinishing
      8. Barrel finishing
      9. Vibratory finishing
      10. Spindle finishing
      11. Electropolishing
      12. Sand blasting
      13. Flame etching
    11. [[|Wood router|Routing]]
    12. Hobbing (hubbing)
    13. Ultrasonic
    14. Electrical discharge
    15. Electron beam
    16. Electrochemical
    17. Chemical
    18. Photochemical
    19. Laser beam
  5. Joining (see also Joinery (woodworking))
    1. Welding
      1. Arc
        1. Manual metal
        2. Shielded metal
        3. Gas metal
          1. Pulsed
          2. Short circuit
          3. Electrogas
          4. Spray transfer
        4. Gas tungsten
        5. Flux-cored
        6. Submerged
        7. Plasma arc
        8. Carbon arc
        9. Stud
        10. Electroslag
        11. Atomic hydrogen
        12. Plasma-MIG (metal inert gas)
        13. Impregnated tape
      2. Oxyfuel gas
        1. Oxy-acetylene gas
        2. Methylacetylene propadiene (MAPP)
        3. Air-acetylene
        4. Oxyhydrogen
        5. Pressure gas
          1. CO2
      3. Resistance
        1. Spot welding
        2. Shot welding
      4. Projection
      5. Seam
      6. Flash butt (flash)
      7. Upset (butt)
      8. Percussion (manufacturing)
      9. Solid state
        1. Ultrasonic
        2. Explosive
        3. Diffusion
          1. Hot press
          2. Isostatic hot gas
          3. Vacuum furnace
        4. Friction
        5. Inertia
        6. Forge
        7. Cold
        8. Roll
      10. Electron beam
      11. Laser beam
      12. Pencil
        1. How Pencil made
        2. Solid state
        3. Axial-flow gas
        4. Cross-flow gas
      13. Thermite
      14. Induction
        1. Low frequency (50-450 Hz)
        2. High frequency (induction resistance; 200-450 kHz)
      15. Other types of welding
        1. Friction
        2. Heated metal plate
        3. Solvent
        4. Dielectric
        5. Magnetics
        6. Ultrasonic
        7. Radio frequency welding
        8. High frequency resistance
        9. Electromagnetic
        10. Flow
        11. Resistance
        12. Infrared
        13. Vacuum
        14. Hot-air-welding
    2. Brazing
      1. Torch
      2. Induction
      3. Furnace
      4. Dip
    3. Soldering
      1. Iron
      2. Hot plate
      3. Oven
      4. Induction
      5. Dip
      6. Wave
      7. Ultrasonic
    4. Sintering (of powdered metals)
    5. Adhesive bonding (incomplete)
      1. Thermo-setting and thermoplastic
      2. Epoxy
      3. Modified epoxy
      4. Phenolics
      5. Polyurethane
      6. Adhesive alloys
      7. Miscellaneous other powders, liquids, solids, and tapes
    6. Fastening wood and metal
      1. Nailing
      2. Screwing
      3. (By material fastened)
        1. Machine (Metal)
        2. Wood Screws
      4. (By slot type)
        1. Phillips (“Plus sign” in Canada)
        2. Straight (“Minus sign in Canada)
      5. (By shape)
        1. Round head
        2. Flat head
        3. Box head
        4. Hex
        5. Lag
      6. Nuts and bolting
      7. Riveting
      8. Pining
        1. Cotter
        2. Groove
        3. Tapered
        4. Roll
        5. Retaining rings
        6. Quick-release
    7. Stitching
    8. Stapling
    9. Press fitting
  6. Rapid manufacturing
    1. Stereolithography
    2. Selective laser sintering
    3. Fused deposition modeling
    4. Three dimensional printing
    5. Laminated object manufacturing
    6. Laser Engineered Net Shaping

[edit] Other trades

  1. Mining
    1. quarrying
    2. Blasting
  2. Woodworking
    1. Joinery (see also joining above)
      1. Lapping
      2. Morticing
      3. Routing (see above)
      4. Biscuit (woodworking)
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