Tartuffe

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Tartuffe is a comedy by Molière, and is one of the most famous French plays of all time. It was first performed in 1664 at the fêtes held at Versailles, and almost immediately censored by the outcry of the dévots, who were very influential in the court of King Louis XIV. While the king had little interest in suppressing the play, he eventually did so because of the dévots. The word dévots referred to those who claimed to be very religious, but as Molière points out in Tartuffe, these same people were often religious hypocrites. They took offense at Molière's play because it targeted them.

19th century costume design

1 Main characters
2 Brief synopsis
3 Detailed synopsis
4 Adaptations
5 External links

[edit] Main characters

Madame Pernelle, mother of Orgon, fooled by Tartuffe
Orgon, head of the house and husband of Elmire, fooled by Tartuffe
Elmire, wife of Orgon; key to revealing Tartuffe's true self
Damis, son of Orgon, wanting to court 'Valères sister
Mariane, daughter of Orgon, betrothed to Valère
Valère, fiancé of Mariane
Cléante, brother-in-law of Orgon
Tartuffe, falsely pious man who fools Orgon and Mme. Pernelle
Doreen/Dorine, servant of Mariane, provides comic relief by way of sarcasm and overstatement.
Monsieur Loyal, bailiff; sergeant at the end of the play
Un exempt (police officer)
Flipote, servant of Madame Pernelle
Lawrence, Tartuffe's servant
Argas, Friend of Orgon; entrusts Orgon with documents that Tartuffe steals and attempts to use against Orgon (No speaking part in the play)

Setting: Paris, 1660's, house of Orgon

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

[edit] Brief synopsis

As the play begins, the well-off Orgon is convinced that Tartuffe is a man of great religious zeal and fervor. In fact, Tartuffe is a scheming hypocrite. He is interesting as a character in that he gets around Orgon not by telling lies, but by allowing him to use his power as the master of the houseold over everyone else. By the time Tartuffe is exposed and Orgon renounces him, Tartuffe has legal control of his finances and family, and is about to steal all of his wealth and marry his daughter- all at Orgon's own invitation. At the very last minute, the king intervenes, and Tartuffe is condemned to prison.

As a consequence, the word tartuffe is used in contemporary French, and also in English, to designate a hypocrite who ostensibly and exaggeratedly feigns virtue, especially religious virtue.

The entire play is written in 12-syllable lines (alexandrines) of rhyming couplets.

[edit] Detailed synopsis

Orgon's family is up in arms because Orgon and his mother have fallen under the persuasions of Tartuffe, a religious fraud (and vagrant before Orgon's help). Tartuffe pretends to be pious and to speak for the heavens, and Orgon and his mother no longer take any action without first consulting Tartuffe. One could even say Orgon has a single-minded obsession with Tartuffe, as clearly demonstrated in Act I, Scene 4.

The rest of the family and their servants are not fooled by Tartuffe's antics and detest him. The stakes are raised when Orgon announces that he will marry Tartuffe to his daughter Mariane (already engaged to Valère). Mariane is, of course, very upset at this news and the rest of the family realizes how deeply Tartuffe has burrowed himself into the family.

In an effort to show Orgon how awful Tartuffe really is, the family devises a plan: trap Tartuffe into confessing to Elmire his desire for her. As a pious man and a guest he should have no such feelings for the lady of the house, and the family hopes that after such a confession, Orgon will throw Tartuffe out of the house. Indeed, Tartuffe does try to seduce Elmire, but their interview is interrupted when Elmire's son, Damis, who has been eavesdropping, can't take it anymore and jumps out of his hiding place to denounce Tartuffe.

Tartuffe is at first shocked but recovers very well. When Orgon enters the room and Damis triumphantly tells him what happened, Tartuffe uses reverse psychology and accuses himself of being the worst sinner:

Oui, mon frère, je suis un méchant, un coupable.

Un malheureux pécheur tout plein d'iniquité

(Yes, brother, I am evil through and through,

Guilty, full of iniquity and sin) (III.vi).

Orgon is convinced by Tartuffe's self-accusations that Damis was lying, and banishes him from the house. Tartuffe even gets Orgon to order that, in revenge of Damis' lie, Tartuffe should be around Elmire more than ever.

In a later scene, Elmire takes up the charge again and challenges Orgon to be witness to a meeting between herself and Tartuffe. Orgon, ever easily convinced, decides to hide under a table in the same room, confident that Elmire is wrong. He overhears, of course, Elmire resisting Tartuffe's very forward advances. When Tartuffe has incriminated himself beyond all help and is dangerously close to violating Elmire, Orgon comes out from under the table and orders Tartuffe out of his house.

But this wily guest means to stay, and Tartuffe finally shows his hand. Earlier, Orgon signed all his worldly possessions over to Tartuffe, and he admitted to the same that he was in possession of a box of incriminating letters (written by a friend, not him). Tartuffe has taken care to take this box and now tells Orgon that he must leave the house if he does not want to be exposed. Tartuffe takes his temporary leave and Orgon's family tries to figure out what to do.

The next day, Tartuffe returns with a police officer to begin the eviction. But to his surprise, the police officer arrests him instead. The enlightened King Louis XIV (name not mentioned in play) has heard of the injustices happening in the house and decides to arrest Tartuffe instead. Even Madame Pernelle is convinced by this time of Tartuffe's chicanery, and the entire family thanks its lucky stars that it has escaped the mortification of leaving its house to a man with a long criminal history, changing his name often to avoid being caught.

Spoilers end here.

[edit] Adaptations

A film version was produced by Ufa in 1926. It was directed by F. W. Murnau and starred Emil Jannings as Tartuffe, Lil Dagover as Elmire and Werner Krauss as Orgon.

A version was performed at the National Theatre in London, England in 1990 by the Tara Arts Theatre Company. The Tara Arts version was in English but the play was restyled to the format of Indian theatre, set in the court of Aurangazeb and began with a salam in Urdu.

A translation into modern English by playwright Ranjit Bolt, published by Absolute Classics, 1991 (ISBN 0-948230-50-9) has been produced on the stage in Britain and abroad.

Liz Lochhead translated and adapted Tartuffe into Scots in 1985; this premiered at the Edinburgh Royal Lyceum in 1987 and was revived at the same theatre on January 7, 2006.

The composer Kirke Mechem based his opera of the same name on the play.