Tabun (nerve agent)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  |
|
| Discovery | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Gerhard Schrader |
| Discovered in | 1936 |
| Chemical characteristics | |
| Chemical name | Ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate |
| Chemical family | Organophosphorus compound |
| Chemical formula | C5H11N2O2P |
| NFPA Rating |
|
| Boiling point | 247.5 °C (477.5 °F) / 907.17°R |
| Freezing/melting point | −50 °C (−58 °F) / 401.67°R |
| Vapor pressure | 0.07 mmHg (9 Pa) at 25 °C |
| Vapor density (Air=1) | 5.6 |
| Liquid density | 1.0887 g/cm³ at 25 °C 1.102 g/cm³ at 20 °C |
| Solubility in water | 9.8 g/100 g at 25 °C 7.2 g/100 g at 20 °C |
| Specific gravity | Not available |
| Appearance and color | Colorless to brown liquid. Faintly fruity odor (none when pure) |
| Fire and Explosion Data | |
| Flashpoint | 78 °C (172 °F) / 631.67°R |
| Unusual hazards | Fires involving this chemical may result in the formation of hydrogen cyanide |
Tabun or GA (Ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate) is an extremely toxic substance that is one of the world's most dangerous military weapons. Because it fatally interferes with normal functioning of the mammalian nervous system, it is classified as a nerve agent. As a chemical weapon, it is classified as a weapon of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687, and its production is strictly controlled and stockpiling outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993. Tabun is the first of the so-called G-series nerve agents (along with GB (sarin), GD (soman) and GF (cyclosarin)).
Tabun is a colourless to brown liquid (depending on purity). It is volatile (evaporating readily at normal temperatures), although less volatile than either sarin or soman.
Contents |
[edit] Effects of overexposure
The exact symptoms of overexposure are similar to those created by all nerve agents, and are described in more detail in that article. Tabun, like all nerve agents, is toxic even in minute doses. The number and severity of symptoms which appear vary according to the amount of the agent absorbed and rate of entry into the body. Very small skin dosages sometimes cause local sweating and tremors accompanied with characteristically constricted pupils with few other effects. Tabun is about half as toxic as sarin by inhalation, but tabun in very low concentrations is more irritating to the eyes than sarin.
The effects of exposure appear much more slowly when tabun is absorbed through the skin rather than inhaled: although a victim may absorb a lethal dose in 1 to 2 minutes, death may be delayed for 1 to 2 hours. Inhaled lethal dosages kill in 1 to 10 minutes, and liquid in the eye kills almost as rapidly. Most of what is known about lethal dosages are known from animal studies on monkeys.
[edit] Alternative names
Tabun is occasionally referred to names other than tabun or GA:
- Ethyl dimethylplosphoramidocyanidate
- Dimethylaminoethoxy-cyanophosphine oxide
- Dimethylamidoethoxyphosphoryl cyanide
- Ethyldimethylaminocyanophosphonate
- Ethyl ester of dimethylphosphoroamidocyanidic acid
- Ethyl phosphorodimethylamidocyanidate
- EA1205
[edit] History
- For an in-depth discussion, see main article on nerve agent history
Tabun, the first known nerve agent, was discovered accidentally in 1936 by the German researcher Dr. Gerhard Schrader. Dr. Schrader was experimenting with a class of compounds called organophosphates, which kill insects by interrupting their nervous systems, in order to create a more effective insecticide for the IG Farben pharmaceutical conglomerate at Elberfield. Instead of a new insecticide, however, he discovered tabun, a chemical which is enormously toxic to humans as well as to insects.
During World War II as part of the Grün 3 program, a plant for the manufacture of tabun was established in Dyhernfurth (now Brzeg Dolny, Poland), producing the nerve agent under the codename Trilon-83. Run by Anorgana GmbH, the plant began production in 1942. Large scale manufacturing of the agent resulted in problems with the product's degradation over time and only around 12,500 tons of material were manufactured before the plant was over-run by the advancing Soviet forces. The plant initially produced shells and aerial bombs using a 95:5 mix of tabun and chlorobenzene, designated "Variant A" before switching in the latter half of the war to "Variant B," an 80:20 mix of tabun and chlorobenzene designed to make the mixture disperse more easily. The Soviet government had the plant dismantled and taken back to Russia.
Like the other Allied governments, the Soviets soon abandoned GA for GB and GD. Large quantities of the German-manufactured agent were dumped into the sea.
Since GA is much easier to produce than the other G-series weapons and the process is comparatively widely understood, countries which are developing a nerve agent capability but which lack advanced industrial facilities often start by producing GA.
During the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq employed large quantities of chemical weapons against ground forces of Iran. Although the most commonly used agents were mustard gas and sarin, tabun and cyclosarin were also used.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- United States Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session. (May 25, 1994). Material Safety Data Sheet—Lethal Nerve Agent Tabun (GA). Retrieved Nov. 6, 2004.
- United States Central Intelligence Agency (Jul. 15, 1996) Stability of Iraq's Chemical Weapon Stockpile
[edit] External links
 |
||
|---|---|---|
| Blood agents: | Cyanogen chloride (CK) – Hydrogen cyanide (AC) | |
| Blister agents: | Lewisite (L) – Sulfur mustard gas (HD, H, HT, HL, HQ) – Nitrogen mustard gas (HN1, HN2, HN3) | |
| Nerve agents: | G-Agents: Tabun (GA) – Sarin (GB) – Soman (GD) – Cyclosarin (GF) – GV | V-Agents: VE – VG – VM – VX | Novichok agents | |
| Pulmonary agents: | Chlorine – Chloropicrin (PS) – Phosgene (CG) – Diphosgene (DP) | |
| Incapacitating agents: | Agent 15 (BZ) – KOLOKOL-1 | |
| Riot control agents: | Pepper spray (OC) – CS gas – CN gas (mace) – CR gas | |
