Swinging

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This article is about the subcultural sexual lifestyle. For other uses, see Swing.

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v • d • e

Swinging, sometimes referred to in North America as the swinging lifestyle, is "non-monogamous sexual activity, treated much like any other social activity, that can be experienced as a couple." ^[1]

The phenomenon (or at least its wider discussion and practice) may be seen as part of the sexual revolution of recent decades, which has occurred after the upsurge in sexual activity possible due to safer sex practices that became prevalent during these same decades.

Swinging is sometimes called wife swapping, but this term is now considered relatively archaic, as it is androcentric and does not accurately describe the full range of sexual activities that swingers may take part in. A more common term amongst swingers is simply The Lifestyle, as it is becoming increasingly referred to in contemporary culture. Though there are certain key differences in the implication of the two terms, "The Lifestyle" and "swinging" will be used interchangeably within the scope of this article.

[edit] Activities

Swinging activities can include (but are not limited to):

Exhibitionism: having sex with a partner while being watched.
Voyeurism: watching others have sex (perhaps with the above mentioned partner).
Soft Swinging or Soft Swap: kissing, stroking, or having oral sex with a third or fourth person. This may be in the form of a threesome or group sex, or partners may literally be swapped.
Full Swap: having penetrative sex with someone other than one's partner, which is the commonly understood definition of swinging (though not necessarily the most common type).
Group Sex: An all inclusive term for activities involving multiple partners in the same vicinity.

Typically, swinging activities occur when a married or otherwise committed couple engages with either another couple, multiple couples, or a single individual. These acts can occur in the same room (often called same room swinging) though different or separate room swinging does occur. Sex on these occasions is often referred to as play.

While the vast majority of swingers are heterosexual couples, a major part of Lifestyle activities are bisexual in nature. A large portion of female swingers, while they may or may not identify as bisexual, are interested in female-female sexual contact. Male-male contact is very rare, and usually never allowed in at a Swing Club/Party.

[edit] History

Historically, it has not been uncommon to find societies that have advocated having multiple sexual partners. Furthermore both royalty and nobility in many cultures had consorts and concubines. Ancient Rome has been notable (if not infamous) for its enthusiastic acceptance of orgies and alternative sexual practices. However, though contemporary swingers celebrate those ideals, the actual practice of swinging in the 20th century began differently.

According to Terry Gould's The Lifestyle: A Look at the Erotic Rites of Swingers (ISBN 1-55209-482-0), swinging began among U.S. Air Force pilots and their wives during World War II. In this small community, the mortality rate among pilots was significantly high. Gould reports that a close bond between pilots arose, with the implication that the husbands would protect and care for all the wives as their own, both emotionally and sexually, if the husbands were away or lost.

This historical narrative is debatable, however, since it would have been highly unusual for servicemen's wives to accompany them on any foreign tours of duty. Other sources point to American Air Force pilots stationed in the California desert as the original participants in modern swinging. Though the exact beginnings are not agreed upon, it is widely assumed that swinging began amongst American military communities in the 1950s.

By the time the Korean War ended, these groups had spread from the bases to the nearby suburbs. The media picked up on them in 1957 and promptly dubbed the phenomenon "wife-swapping."

It wasn't until the 1960s in Berkeley, California that the first organization, "Sexual Freedom League", for swingers was opened. Ultimately, an umbrella organization called the North American Swing Club Association (NASCA)^[2] (now NASCA International) was formed to encourage accurate information about swinging lifestyles all across America.

[edit] Research

Some subjective scientific research into swinging has been conducted in the USA since the late 1960s. The most recent study, based on an Internet questionnaire addressed to visitors of lifestyle-related sites, found swingers are happier in their relationships than the norm.

60% of swingers said that swinging improved their relationship and only 1.7% said it made their relationship less happy. Half of those who rated their relationship very happy before becoming swingers maintained it had become even happier.
90% of those with less happy relationships said swinging improved them.
Almost 70% of swingers claimed no problem with controlling jealousy, around a quarter admitted "I have difficulty controlling jealousy when swinging" to be somewhat true but only 6% said this was "Yes, Very Much" true.
Swingers rate themselves happier (59% against 32% very happy) and their lives much more exciting (76% against 54% exciting) than does the rest of the population, by surprisingly large margins.

There was no difference between the responses of men and women, although more males (70%) than females completed the survey. ^[1] This study, while enlightening, is of limited accuracy of the swinging population as a whole, due to its self-selected sampling technique. Internet-based sampling procedures create a substantial potential for bias. It is likely that those swinging couples who had stronger relationships were more motivated to complete the questionnaire. Alternatively, the stress that swinging may place on a marriage means that only those with higher than average levels of commitment to their partners are able to remain married whilst swinging. Couples that have jealousy or strife issues caused by swinging will not usually stay in the swinging lifestyle and thus would have been unlikely to respond.

ABC News reporter John Stossel produced an investigative report into the lifestyle. Stossel reported that over 4 million people are swingers, according to estimates by the Kinsey Institute and other researchers. He also cited Terry Gould's research, in which Gould concluded that "couples swing in order to not cheat on their partners." When Stossel asked swinging couples whether they worry that their spouse will "find they like someone else better", one male interviewee replied, "People in the swinging community swing for a reason. They don't swing to go out and find a new wife;" while a woman interviewee asserted, "It makes women more confident -- that they are the ones in charge." Stossel interviewed 12 marriage counselors about the lifestyle. According to Stossel, "not one of them said don't do it", though some also said "getting sexual thrills outside of marriage can threaten a marriage". Nevertheless, the swingers whom Stossel interviewed claimed that "their marriages are stronger because they don't have affairs and they don't lie to each other."^[3]

[edit] Organizations

Certain Lifestyle activities are highly organized. There are over 3,000 swinging clubs worldwide. Most major cities in North America and western Europe have at least one swingers' club in a permanent location although they often keep a low profile to avoid negative attention. Swingers also meet through lifestyle magazines, personal ads, swinging house parties, and Internet sites.

Clubs can refer to a physical location or building. In this context, clubs are typically divided into "on-premise" clubs, where sexual activity may happen then and there at the club, and "off-premise" clubs where sexual activity is not allowed at the club, but may be arranged at a near-by location. "Clubs" also may refer to the group that organizes the Lifestyle-related events in a particular area.

In the USA, many swinging clubs follow a bar or nightclub format, sometimes renting an entire existing bar for scheduled events, frequently termed a venue takeover. This is normally done to avoid interaction with non-Lifestyle segments of the population, and once again to avoid unwanted negative attention. This often relegates these activities to suburbia on the weekend, where bars in large industrial parks which attract a mainstream clientele during weekdays would otherwise sit empty or closed on weekends when offices shut down. On-premise clubs usually have a similar format. One notable exception to this is that most on-premise clubs do not serve alcohol, asking participants instead to bring their own because of the restrictive laws commonly in place regarding sexual activity and the presence of alcoholic beverages. Concordantly, the vast majority of swinging clubs do not advertise as such due to the strict moral climate in the United States. Another format is the swinger party. Usually in a home where parking may require a shuttle from another location if the home resides within a suburban area. A home that is usually suitable may have a hot tub, a pool, several bedrooms, and an assortment of sex furniture such as a sex swing, a stripper pole, a dance floor, or a BDSM dungeon. Within the party atmosphere condoms, lube and breath mints may be readily available throughout the house. Sometimes the host may hold events such as a striptease or dance contest, a flogging or other BDSM demonstration.

In Europe off-premises clubs are rare and the majority of swinging venues allow sexual contact and serve alcohol. There are three standard formats: the bar/nightclub, usually smaller, in city centres and focused around a dance floor; the spa format which has pools, Jacuzzis, saunas and steam rooms and where people strip on entry; and the country club format, which is out-of-town, usually serves a free buffet and may include elements of the first two as well as offering large play spaces.

A large amount of swinging activity is organised via the Internet, where there are countless different sites with personals, listings and local information. To many couples, the swinging lifestyle and the clubs can be as much a social venue as a sexual one. Like many sexual sub-cultures, there can be very much a community atmosphere, and the greater communication allowed by the Internet has fostered this sense.

[edit] Etiquette

The 'prime directive' in swinging is "no means no". This means that rejection of a sexual advance does not require justification and must always be respected. Respect for one's play partners is often a hallmark of swinging activity, and violation of this directive can result in immediate expulsion. Concordantly, in the US it is often regarded as impolite to touch without asking, whereas in the UK and Europe both touching and gently but firmly removing a touching hand are widely regarded as polite non-verbal communication in the playroom context.

Many swingers who participate in penetrative sex whilst swinging are strict about condom usage, including insisting on changing condoms between partners. However, some members of the swinging community do engage in unprotected sex, in a practice that is commonly known as barebacking. When unsure, it is considered a polite necessity to establish these ground rules before becoming sexually involved.

Some swingers believe that it's possible to spot others in the same way that Gaydar is supposed to work (sometimes referred to as Playdar), while others may rely on more overt signs. Among homosexual communities, a traditional means to identify one another was a single earring in the right ear; however, currently, there is no commonly used method for identifying swingers. Some believe that actions such as a woman being flirtatious while their significant other is present, men who offer their wives to dance or couples entering a bar separately and spending the evening apart are ways to tell if a couple swings. Obviously, these signs, both subtle and overt, are difficult to perceive, and swingers are often averse to identifying themselves in public. The growth of many swinging web sites on the Internet is partly due to this, allowing swingers to communicate and meet without public attention or the risk of offending non-swingers.

[edit] Subgroups

[edit] Bisexuality

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Female bisexuality and bicurious is extremely common in both the urban and traditional swinging scene and tends to be the norm amongst participants.^[4] No studies have been conducted as to what percentage of swinging women who define themselves as bisexual would be open to romantic as well as sexual relations with both genders.

Male bisexuality is less common in the swinging scene, but is becoming more common and more accepted. ^{[citation needed]} More openly bi men and bisexual couples (male-female couples where both partners are bisexual) are appearing on the scene. Whether this is due to increasing acceptance in the scene or greater numbers of men "turning bi" is open to discussion. Depending on the club or social situation, male bisexuality among swingers may either be frowned upon, or openly accepted.

[edit] Dogging

Dogging is a British term for swinging based in cars that takes place in a public but reasonably secluded area. There are several known dogging spots across the UK where people go after dark, typically to engage in voyeurism and exhibitionism but also to take part in group sex.

[edit] Hot Wife

The term hot wife refers to a married woman who has sex with men other than her spouse with her spouse's consent. In most cases the husbands of these women will enjoy watching, hearing, or knowing about their wives' adventures. Often the husbands take part, sometimes by engaging in a threesome, or sometimes just arranging dates for their wives. A distinct subculture of hotwiving is cuckolding. This subculture is generally defined by a relationship in which the husband enjoys the humiliation of his wife being sexually satisfied by other men.

[edit] Polyamory

Polyamory specifically refers to individuals who sustain multiple emotional relationships with other individuals. This allows for some overlap within the swinging community. Polyamorists may engage in activity common to swingers such as group sex and partner swapping. Swingers, through extended sexual engagements with the same partners, may also develop strong friendships with these partners. Deeper emotional relationships, however, are not the norm and are considered a rarity. Most swingers distinguish between the multiple emotional relationships present in polyamory, and the multiple sexual relationships present in swinging.

[edit] Selective swinging

Traditionally swinger clubs are accepting of all ages and body types, and the average age of swingers at events tends to be around 45. Younger swingers who wish to swing with their own age group find that this isn't always possible in swinging clubs.

Fever Parties^[5] began running parties for affluent under 40s in London in the late 1990s. Other party organisers, such as Lounge Parties^[6] in London (who select on looks, but not age) and Belle Baise^[7] in the Midlands (who select on looks and age) have sprung up in recent years. These organisations try to elevate themselves from historic swinging clubs by hosting their events in upmarket venues, serving Champagne or cocktails and asking their guests to dress in smart evening attire. Entry to these parties is often competitive and photographs are usually required to demonstrate attractiveness..

Due to the success of these events in the UK, they have subsequently spread to Norway, South Africa, Sweden and the USA. This, more than anything else, has given rise to the term The Lifestyle as a way to encompass all swinging activities, due to the fact that younger couples are somewhat averse to the term "swingers" because of its traditional connotations.

'Selective swinging' events include mostly childless, unmarried young graduates and can have average ages as low as the late 20s, whereas traditional swingers events tend to have average ages in the 40s. Selective parties are often referred to as "exclusive" or "elitist". ^[8] Contravening the usual assumption that such organisations are not associated with groups propagating "family values", the Fever parties were revealed in June 2003 to be organised by a senior co-ordinator of a British Conservative Party pressure group, Conservatives for Change, who was older than the maximum age allowed to attend his events.

Another factor contributing to this situation is the continued upsurge in growth of Lifestyle-oriented Internet sites. These sites provide much more accessible gateways into Lifestyle activities for people who are curious about swinging. By offering greater flexibility when searching for potential playmates, it becomes possible to look for playmates that specifically match certain characteristics, including location, looks, wealth, and age. In the United States, it is still uncommon to find parties where stringent age requirements are in affect, and most groups remain non-discriminatory. However, the acceptance of 'elite' parties continues to be more common, with couples and single females becoming more and more willing to pay an additional premium to spend time with only a select segment of the swinging population.

The critique of selective swinging among traditional swingers is that it is unethical to discriminate. The growing upsurge interest in selective swinging has given rise to a growing rift between the two groups. Couples who identify with traditional swinging may advertise themselves as "not Ken and Barbie" as an implicit rejection of what they perceive to be a superficial ideal of youthful physical attractiveness. The proponents of selective swinging claim an entitlement to peer-group options in this as in other leisure pursuits. A large effort among members of the Lifestyle as a whole is being made to unify the two sub-groups, because arguments between the two are seen as divisive and destructive to the community as a whole^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Singles

The acceptance of singles at swinging events varies from geographic area to geographic area. Some swinging 'clubs' have a policy of allowing only couples and females, but most do allow single men on selected nights. Single females are often admitted at reduced admission price. Parties and private events may differ, however, and are often restricted to couples or couples and single females only.

The reasons for this vary. Most (but certainly not all) of the people who pay to participate in swinger events are male-female couples and most swinging couples are more interested in interacting with other couples or with single women than with single men. Thus, swinger events strive to achieve a balance between male and female participants or have a (usually slightly) larger number of females than males.

A common complaint among swingers is that single men change the tone and nature of event. While outright hostility towards single men is rarely prevalent, an abundance of single males is rarely looked upon favourably in any swinging context. When single males are permitted their numbers are usually limited by high entrance fees or stringent membership requirements.

In the UK, swinging nights which are designed for catering to women who want multiple men are referred to as Greedy Girls' Nights and they are, to all intents and purposes Gang Bangs. They are often held in swingers' clubs (on less busy nights) or take place as private parties. These are attended by both couples and singles, a proportion of which are sometimes prostitutes.

Some swingers oppose the involvement of any singles of either sex in swinging because of the fear that they might split existing couples.^{[citation needed]} While this might be a fear of some new couples, couples who have been part of the "Lifestyle" for some time report that the only way a couple can "split" is when one of the couple is looking outside the primary relationship^{[citation needed]}. This is not the norm in a swinger relationship ^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Controversy and debate

[edit] Affirmations to the swinger lifestyle

Many swingers claim that the swinger lifestyle has improved their core relationships, as well as their intramarital sexual relationships. They commonly say that it has helped them overcome insecurites regarding self image, age, fidelity, nudity, sexuality, sexual performance, anatomical proportions, and anatomical sizes and shapes.

Often, swingers cite benefits, such as variety, community, and assurance of fidelity as reasons they participate.

[edit] Objections to the swinger lifestyle

While a great variety of criticisms have been made against swingers themselves, two basic categories of arguments exist in opposition to swinging and partner swapping as a whole. First are those objections that are based on the practical considerations of engaging in a swinging lifestyle. Second are those objections that argue against the principles, often moral or philosophical, of swinging itself.

[edit] Practical objections

Objections based upon practical considerations include arguments such as the health dangers of having multiple partners since swingers are not maintaining monogamous relationships, or the emotional attachments to sexual activity (which may cause friction in a relationship). These seem to be the most common objection to such activities.

A very small subset of swingers play without protection, a practice called bareback; however, the vast majority promote their activities as safe sex and simply will not engage with others who do not. Opponents of swinging argue that even protected sex is too risky, especially in the light of the upsurge in sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS and HPV.

Some may also state that the risk of pregnancy is also a factor that must be taken into consideration.

A second set of objections under the practical category are those of an emotional basis. These arguments maintain that sexual relations by their very nature have an emotional component to them. Since many who engage in such a lifestyle are also in a committed emotional relationship with one partner (as was stated in the history above), to engage in sexual relations with another could emotionally damage the relationship of the committed couple. It could be said that intimacy could be diminished by sex with others and that this could spell the end of the relationship.

It is a common belief that one partner may be more enthusiastic about swinging than the other (stereotypically the male) and the less willing partner may feel pushed or coerced into taking part, leading to the break up of the relationship and/or psychological problems. This generally occurs only in couples that are not secure in their relationship, or when a partner has put swinging ahead of their relationship.

[edit] Moral and philosophical objections

The second category of objections pertains to the basic principles of swinging on a moral or philosophical basis. Such objections may include the sacred nature of sexual relations between two persons, and/or the view that sexual relations should only occur within a committed relationship, sometimes stated as "only within a marriage." This view is particularly espoused by most organized religions, such as Christianity (including Catholicism and Eastern Rite churches), Judaism, and Islam.

Swinging can be opposed by many widely accepted theological world views. Examples of world views that clash with the concept of swinging are those of "family values" and – more prominently – most branches of the three Abrahamic religions.

Opponents of this category will also often state that in order to engage in a swinging relationship (that is to engage in sexual relations with others while remaining committed to one person), one must degrade sexual relations to the most basic element of pleasure. Naturally, this is a violation of the sacred nature of sexual relationships. If sex becomes the main reason for swinging it may become mechanistic, it is argued, and less satisfying than the intimacy experienced by monogamous couples.

See also: Religion and sexuality, Sexual norm, and Casual sex

[edit] Common responses to objections to the swinger lifestyle

As mentioned previously, many swingers report that their core relationships are actually strengthened through swinging, and they usually claim that their sex lives are more intimate and satisfying rather than less. Jealousy can occur, but proponents of swinging argue that it is mainly reported amongst couples whose relationships were unstable beforehand. The cause and effect nature of swinging on these relationships has yet to be conclusively determined, and it is doubtful that it ever will be.

[edit] Responses to practical objections

Many couples enter into swinging while already in secure relationships, providing an added motivation to avoid excessive sexual health risks. While sexual affairs outside of relationships may be committed in the "heat of the moment" without regard to future consequences, most swingers maintain that sex among swingers is a much more thought-out and practical affair.

Many swinging clubs in the USA and UK do not have alcohol licenses and take a "bring your own beverage" (BYOB) approach to alcohol for reasons previously mentioned. Also, it is not uncommon for experienced swingers to remain sober, and consequently state that they take a far safer approach to their sexual health than that of comparable non-monogamous singles.

Most swinging clubs and parties should be assumed to require condoms unless otherwise clearly stated. In addition, a minority of swingers rely on regular STD testing to ensure their safety. A small portion of swingers alternatively focus on massage and other activities that are unlikely to transmit STDs; however, most participants in a swinging lifestyle acknowledge that they are accepting the same risks that any sexually promiscuous member of society does.

As for the risk of pregnancy, while a risk does exist (as no form of birth control is 100% effective), most swingers contend that the effectiveness of current birth control methods is so great that such a risk is minimal. It should also be noted that a fraction of those engaged in swinging relationships are past their child bearing years, and as such a risk of pregnancy is reduced to zero.

Another common response to practical objections is the belief that sexual attraction of others is part of human nature, and as such, it should be respected and openly enjoyed by a committed or married couple. Some swingers point to the divorce rate data in the United States, and claim that a great majority of divorces had something to do with the quality of sex, the lack thereof, or a cheating husband or wife. Indeed, studies in the 1990's showed that 37% of husbands and 29% of wives admit to having had at least one extra-marital affair (Reinisch, 1990), and divorce rates for first marriages approached 60% ^[9]

As one study asserted:

According to King (1996) one of the things that normally occurs in a relationship leading to changes in how we interact with our partners is sexual habituation. At approximately three to seven years into a marriage, it begins to take increased levels of stimulation to produce the same level of sexual excitation previously obtained by a glance or a simple touch. A couple that is receptive to new and different sexual experiences will begin to explore different avenues of shared sexual fulfillment in order to continue to grow together. At this stressful point in marriages infidelity increases and the divorce rate peaks. Couples who find a way to reconnect physically and emotionally are more likely to make it through this period. Swinging may be one creative solution to the problem of habituation – it provides sexual variety, adventure, and the opportunity to live out one's fantasies as a couple without secrecy and deceit.^[1]

In essence, some swinging couples maintain that by enjoying the very nature of sexuality with your partner, a great number of marriages and relationships would be saved.

[edit] Responses to moral and philosophical objections

Swingers provide a variety of responses to moral and philosophical objections. As with any group or large enough community, the depth and type of spiritual philosophies among swingers varies greatly. The most common response revolves around the core relationship. Swingers point out that there is a difference between having sex and making love. Interestingly, this is one of the main objections that religious groups have to swinging: namely, that this distinction should not exist.

Another means to describe this philosophy put forth by swingers is that there is a difference between fun/friendship, and the love/companionship provided by their existing relationship. Thus, though they may have many sexual relationships, there is only one single emotional relationships that exists. While it is also true that many close friendships are formed within the swinging community, swingers often feel that nothing is more important to them than their own relationship with their partners. The intimate friendships formed among swingers strengthen the primary relationship, rather than damage it.

Swingers often claim that the sex they have is more intimate (rather than less intimate) because they are with a partner who encourages them to fulfill their fantasies and is so sure of their relationship that jealousy is not an issue. Swingers also claim that swinging makes infidelity less likely, as they know they can have sexual contact with others with their partner's consent.

There are various responses to those who object to swinging on the basis of their faith. Many swingers feel that their activities in their own homes or private clubs, simply put, aren't for others to judge. Others believe that as long as they remain in love and consider their relationships to be sacred, any playing they do does not contradict the sanctity of their relationships, and are consistent with their spiritual values.

[edit] The lifestyle in film and entertainment

[edit] Film

In the movie The Blood Oranges, two western couples, one with children, come together in the fictional Mediterranean village of Ilyria. The film was adapted from the novel by John Hawkes.

The Dutch movie Swingers is regarded by the Dutch swinging community as a "must see". It tells the story of a thirty-something couple and their first experiments with the swinging lifestyle. The lack of moral judgement was well received.

The movie Eating Raoul is a comic send-up of swinging stereotypes.

The random partner swapping "key party" depicted in Ang Lee's film The Ice Storm (adapted from the novel by Rick Moody) has been reported by someone who attended such parties in the Midwest (Indiana) in the 1950's. "Key parties", according to this source, were small (3 to 12) couple events where everyone knew everyone else, so all combinations of partners were pleased to spend an evening with each other.

The documentary movie The Lifestyle: Swinging in America, a 2000 film by director David Schisgall, took an in-depth look at several true-life swinging couples.

The recent Bollywood film by Rajat Kapoor called "Mixed Doubles"[9] has tried to portray a humorous outlook to this concept on the Indian scene.

The movie The Sex Monster is a comedy about a couple who begin a menage-a-trois with another woman.

The movie Zebra Lounge talks about Swinging and its effects on the lives of a married couple with kids who seek some sexual adventures.

The movie Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969) is the American comedy classic that hilariously captures the sexual revolution of the late 1960s in the United States. It was nominated for four Academy Awards; Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Best Cinematography, and Best Original Screenplay.

[edit] Literature

In John Irving's novel The 158-Pound Marriage, two New England college professors and their wives enter a ménage à quatre with disastrous consequences.

[edit] Music

The music video for "Beautiful", by Moby, revolves around a swinger party where all the participants are dressed up in fursuits.

[edit] Television

The lifestyle was the setting for a recent episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a popular TV drama depicting forensic investigations. Episode #97, "Swap Meet", is about the investigation of the murder of a woman who had attended a "swinging party". Some of the key rules of the lifestyle are presented during the episode.

In Season #1, Episode #7 of Nip/Tuck, Christian Troy and Kimber Henry attend a swinger party.

In Season 2 of the O.C.: Sandy and Kirsten attend a swinger's party

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b ^c Bergstrand & Williams, Today's Alternative Marriage Styles: The Case of Swingers, Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, Vol.3, 10 October 2000. [1]
^ NASCA International[2]
^ ABC News: The "Lifestyle" -- Real Life Wife Swaps[3]
^ http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article1190592.ece
^ Fever Parties[4]
^ Lounge Parties [5]
^ Belle Baise[6]
^ "Her club runs on tough love" The Metro, October 4, 2006 [7]
^ Jones, 1995.[8]