Supraorbital gland
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The supraorbital gland is a type of lateral nasal gland found in some species of marine birds, specifically penguins, which converts saltwater to freshwater. The word supraorbital refers to the area just above the eye known as the orbit of the eye. It functions similarly to a kidney.
Living in saltwater environments poses a large problem for penguins because saltwater can be detrimental to a penguin's health. Although penguins do not directly drink water, it is taken in when they engulf prey. As a result, saltwater enters their system and must be effectively excreted. To do so, the supraorbital gland has evolved in the penguin. The gland is located just above the eyes and surrounds a capillary in the head. This capillary constantly strains out the salt in the saltwater that a penguin takes in. With the byproduct of the gland having roughly five times as much salt as would normally be found in the animal's fluids, the supraorbital gland is highly efficient.
The penguin excretes the salt byproduct as a brine through its bill. Often, the fluid drips out, and this gives the appearance of a runny nose. However, the fluid may also be sneezed out. In the absence of saltwater, caused by captivity, the supraorbital gland will lie dormant as it has no other purpose. Having a dormant supraorbital gland does not negatively affect the health of a penguin.
