Sudetes
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The Sudetes (IPA: [suˈdiːtiːz]), also called Sudeten (in German; pronounced: [zu'de:tən]) or Sudety (pronounced ['sudetɪ] in Czech, [su'detɪ] in Polish), are a mountain range in Central Europe. They stretch from eastern Germany to Poland and the Czech Republic. The highest mountain is Sněžka-Śnieżka (German: Schneekoppe) in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mountains (German: Riesengebirge) on the Czech-Polish border. They reach up to 1,602 metres in altitude.
The Sudetes are usually divided into:
- Eastern Sudetes
- Golden Mountains
- Jeseníky Mountains
- Opawskie Mountains
- Śnieżnik Mountains
The Karkonosze/Krkonoše Mountains have experienced growing tourism for winter sports during the past ten years. Its skiing resorts have been becoming an alternative to the Alps.
Notable towns in this area include:
- Zittau (Germany)
- Karpacz (Poland)
- Szklarska Poręba (Poland)
- Špindlerův Mlýn (Czech Republic)
- Harrachov (Czech Republic)
The name Sudetes has been derived from Sudeti montes, a Latinization of the name Soudeta ore used in the Geography of Ptolemaios (Book 2 Chapter 10) ca. 150 for the present-day northern Czech mountains. Ptolemy said that they were above the Gabreta Forest, which places them in the Sudetenland. Ptolemy wrote in Greek, in which the name is a neuter plural. Latin mons, however, is a masculine, hence Sudeti. The Latin version is likely to be a scholastic innovation, as it is not attested in classical Latin literature.
The meaning of the name is not known. In one hypothetical derivation, it means Mountains of Wild Boars, relying on Indo-European *su-, "pig". A better etymology perhaps is from Latin sudis, plural sudes, "spines", which can be used of spiny fish or spiny terrain.
The exact location of the Sudetes is not very clear, as it has varied over the centuries. For example, the name was used before World War II to describe the German province of Sudetenland. The ethnic Germans living there were called Sudeten Germans. They were heavily clustered, especially at the borders of Bohemia to German Silesia and Saxony. These were the descendants of Medieval German colonists invited by the Kings of Bohemia into these originally Slavic areas for agricultural cultivation. Adolf Hitler erroneously redefined the term to mean the entire mountainous periphery of Czechoslovakia, and under that pretext, got his future enemies to concede the Czech defensive border in the Munich Agreement, leaving the remainder of Czechoslovakia helpless. The Germans soon overran Czechoslovakia by March, 1939.
The ancient Sudetenland certainly did not have that meaning. It meant at least the northwest frontier of today's Czech Republic, probably extending to the north. By implication, it was part of the Hercynian Forest mentioned by many ancient authors of Antiquity.
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