User:Storm05/Hurricane Season
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[edit] 1964 Atlantic Hurricane season
| Image:Storm05/Hurricane Season map.png Season summary map |
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| First storm formed: | June 2, 1964 |
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| Last storm dissipated: | November 10, 1964 |
| Strongest storm: | Hilda - 941 mbar (27.78 inHg) |
| Total storms: | 12 |
| Major storms (Cat. 3+): | 6 |
| Total damage: | $605 million (1964 USD) |
| Total fatalities: | 261 |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 |
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The 1964 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1964, and lasted until November 30, 1964. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season was slightly above average, with twelve total storms and six hurricanes; unusually, all six of the hurricanes strengthened into major (Category 3) storms.
Three storms were notable enough to have their names retired: Cleo, Dora, and Hilda. Hurricane Cleo killed over 200 in its trek from the Caribbean Sea across Florida. Hurricane Dora struct northeastern Florida, causing nearly $300 million (1964 US dollars) in damages. Hurricane Hilda caused damage when it struck Louisiana.
[edit] Records
Three hurricanes hit Florida this season (Cleo, Dora and Isbell), the first time this has happened since 1886 and the last time it would happen until the memorable 2004 season.
[edit] Storms
[edit] Tropical Storm Irene
The Intertropical Convergence Zone developed a tropical depression in the Northwest Caribbean Sea on June 2. It drifted northward without strengthening. Moving faster through the Gulf of Mexico, the depression crossed Florida on the 6th, causing strong winds and hail from thunderstorms. When it reached the Atlantic Coast, it strengthened to a tropical storm, remaining away from landmass until its dissipation on the 11th. Tropical Storm Irene caused $1 million (1964 dollars) in flood damage to areas along the First Coast and further inland.
[edit] Tropical Storm Janice
A cloud vortex developed in the Tropical Atlantic on July 27. It was well-organized enough to become a tropical depression on the 28th, but intensification was limited due to rapid forward motion. It turned northeastward and became a tropical storm on the 31st. After reaching a peak of 50 mph the storm became extratropical on the 2nd.
[edit] Tropical Storm Abby
The precursor to Tropical Storm Abby was a surface trough in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It became a tropical depression on August 5 and, moving slowly westward, reached tropical storm strength on the 7th. Abby hit Matagorda, Texas as a 65 mph tropical storm that night, and dissipated the following day. Abby was a small system; its complete circulation at the surface was less than 100 miles in diamater. Because of this, Abby caused only $750,000 (1964 dollars ($30.7 million 2005 USD)) in damage, most of it from crop damage. The rain was beneficial[citation needed] .
[edit] Tropical Storm Brenda
A minor trough of low pressure spawned a tropical depression on August 7 west of Bermuda. As it neared the island, it strengthened to a tropical storm, causing tornadoes on the island. Brenda drifted east-southeastward before turning to the northeast and dissipating on the 10th. Brenda caused $275,000 in damage.
[edit] Hurricane Cleo
- Main article: Hurricane Cleo
Hurricane Cleo was a long-lived storm that killed a total of 217 people and caused serious property damage as it travelled through the Caribbean and into Florida. Cleo caused a total of $198 million (1964 dollars) in damage.
[edit] Hurricane Dora
- Main article: Hurricane Dora
Hurricane Dora was the first hurricane on record to make landfall on the First Coast region of Florida. It caused $280 million in damage ($1.7 billion in 2005 dollars).
[edit] Hurricane Ethel
A large cloud mass in the central tropical Atlantic, possibly developing from a tropical wave, became a tropical depression on September 4, and a tropical storm 6 hours later. Ethel took her time to develop, possibly due to a cold core trough above her or due to the strong outflow of Dora to the storm's west. On the 7th, Ethel rapidly organized and became a hurricane. On the 9th, Ethel briefly became a major hurricane, but unfavorable conditions returned, weakening Ethel to a minimal hurricane. The storm was able to restrengthen to a Category 2 hurricane before accelerating and becoming extratropical on the 15th.
[edit] Tropical Storm Florence
A tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa became a tropical depression on September 5. Conditions were not very favorable for development, and the depression took 3 days to become a tropical storm. Florence turned northeastward, and dissipated on the 10th without affecting any landmasses.
[edit] Hurricane Gladys
Hurricane Gladys developed from a westward moving tropical wave on September 13. Later that day, it became Tropical Storm Gladys. Conditions were favorable for intensification, and Gladys became a hurricane on the 14th. Hurricane Gladys remained a minimal hurricane for the next 3 days, until the 17th when it rapidly became a 145 mph hurricane. After its peak Gladys steadily weakened to a Category 1 on the 21st. It passed within 150 miles of the Outer Banks, but it turned northeastward in response to the development of a low pressure system over the Great Lakes. Gladys became extratropical on the 24th, and caused beach erosion and high tides.
[edit] Hurricane Hilda
- Main article: Hurricane Hilda
Hurricane Hilda killed 37 when it made landfall in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, with most of the deaths caused by storm-generated tornadoes. It caused roughly $126 million (1964 dollars ($760 million 2005 dollars)) in damage.
[edit] Hurricane Isbell
An old diffuse frontal trough reached the western Caribbean in early October. Evidence of a tropical disturbance appeared over the western Caribbean during October 7th and 8th at the tail end of this frontal trough. A weak tropical depression formed on the 8th, and it moved slowly to the northwest. On the 12th, it executed a small loop, followed by a northeastward turn. Lack of inflow kept the depression weak, but on the 12th, it was able to strengthen, reaching tropical storm strength on the 13th and hurricane strength that night. Hurricane Isbell crossed western Cuba, and upon reaching the southeast Gulf of Mexico, strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane. Isbell peaked at 130 mph before entering Florida near Everglades City on the 14th. It reached the Atlantic Ocean that night, and steadily weakened while moving to the north. Isbell became extratropical just before its final landfall on Morehead City, North Carolina on the 16th, and dissipated the next day. Isbell caused $20 million (1964 USD ($120 million 2005 USD)) in damage; most of it was from crop damage or tornadic activity. The hurricane also caused 6 deaths.
Isbell was the only major hurricane to hit the U.S. coastline this season. Cleo, Dora, and Hilda all weakened to a Category 2 prior to hitting the coast. Isbell, despite being the strongest at landfall, was not retired.
[edit] Tropical Storm Janet
Similar to Tropical Storm Irene, Tropical Storm Janet developed from an Intertropical Convergence Zone disturbance. A tropical depression developed on November 5 north of Panama. The depression moved northwestward, becoming a tropical storm on the 6th. It turned westward, hitting near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua on the 7th. Janet weakened and re-emerged into the Caribbean, after which it hit Belize and dissipated on the 10th. Tropical Storm Janet caused $5 million (1964 USD ($30 million 2005 USD)) in damage from significant flooding in Honduras.
[edit] 1964 storm names
The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1964. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray (Note: two tropical storms have names from the 1963 list which was the practice of naming storms in post storm analyisis).
- Irene
- Janice
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[edit] Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricanes
The names Cleo, Dora, and Hilda were later retired, replaced with Candy, Dolly, and Hannah, respectively, in the 1968 season, although Hilda was placed on the 1973 season's list.
[edit] 1965 Atlantic Hurricane Season
| Image:Storm05/Hurricane Season map.png Season summary map |
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| First storm formed: | June 11, 1965 |
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| Last storm dissipated: | October 19, 1965 |
| Strongest storm: | Betsy - 941 mbar (27.79 inHg), 155 mph (250 km/h) |
| Total storms: | 6 |
| Major storms (Cat. 3+): | 1 |
| Total damage: | $1.45 billion (1965 USD) |
| Total fatalities: | 76 |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 |
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The 1965 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1965, and lasted until November 30, 1965. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.
As a whole the 1965 season was fairly inactive, with only six tropical storms forming. The most notable storm of the season, however, was Hurricane Betsy. Betsy was one of the worst storms on record in the United States, killing 76 and causing $1.42 billion in damage ($8.5 billion in 2000 dollars) in south Florida and Louisiana.
[edit] Storms
[edit] Tropical Storm Katy
A cutoff upper level low over the Gulf of Mexico helped bring an East Pacific tropical depression northward. The depression formed on June 11, and reached the Gulf on the 12th. The storm moved northeastward, hitting the Florida Panhandle on the 4th as a 50 mph tropical storm. Tropical Storm Katy became extratropical over South Carolina, and dissipated on the 18th. The storm caused only minor damage and flooding.
[edit] Hurricane Anna
A tropical wave moving across the Atlantic became a tropical storm on August 21 in the central Atlantic. Anna moved northeastward and became a hurricane on the 23rd. After reaching a peak of 90 mph Anna weakened due to cool waters and upper level shear, becoming extratropical on the 25th.
[edit] Hurricane Betsy
- Main article: Hurricane Betsy
Hurricane Betsy moved across the Atlantic, executing 2 loops before moving across south Florida and hitting Louisiana. Betsy caused $10-$12 billion (2005 US dollars) in damage, as well as 76 deaths.
[edit] Hurricane Carol
Hurricane Carol developed on September 16 in the eastern Atlantic from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa. The tropical depression moved quickly westward, becoming a tropical storm on the 17th. The fast motion impeded development for the next few days, but as it slowed down, it was able to become a hurricane on the 20th. Carol continued northward for the next 3 days, when it stalled west-southwest of the Azores for 5 days, maintaining hurricane force winds throughout. After looping, Carol turned to the northeast, reaching a peak of 100 mph before weakening. It passed north of the Azores, turned to the southeast, and became extratropical west of Spain on October 1.
[edit] Tropical Storm Debbie
A northwestward-moving tropical disturbance through the Caribbean Sea developed into a tropical depression on September 24 north of Honduras. It crossed over Yucatan two days later. The depression did not organize much until it reached the Gulf of Mexico, where it became a tropical storm on the 28th. Drier and cooler air was around Debbie, causing a minimal tropical storm to pass by Louisiana. It dissipated on the 30th before hitting land, but it brought heavy rain to the Mobile, Alabama area, causing $25 million in damage.
[edit] Hurricane Elena
A very weak circulation caused by a tropical wave moved across the tropical Atlantic. It became a tropical depression on October 12, though it had little, if any, convection near the center. It slowed as it moved to the northwest, becoming a tropical storm on the 14th. Elena continued to organize, and reached hurricane force strength on the 16th while recurving out to sea. The hurricane reached a peak of 80 mph before becoming extratropical over the northern Atlantic on the 19th.
[edit] 1965 storm names
The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1965. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray(note the nake Katy was taken from the 1964 list to name a tropical storm).
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[edit] Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricanes
The name Betsy was later retired. The name Carol was also later retired after the modern naming system was instituded; however, it was not because of the 1965 storm but because of Hurricane Carol in 1954.
[edit] 1970 Atlantic Hurricane Season
| Image:Storm05/Hurricane Season map.png Season summary map |
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| First storm formed: | May 17, 1970 |
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| Last storm dissipated: | October 28, 1970 |
| Strongest storm: | Celia - 945 mbar (hPa), 125 mph (205 km/h) |
| Total storms: | 10 |
| Major storms (Cat. 3+): | 2 |
| Total damage: | $450 million (1970 USD) |
| Total fatalities: | 17 |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 |
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The 1970 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1970, and lasted until November 30, 1970. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season was fairly average, with 10 total storms forming, of which 5 were hurricanes.
Notable storms of 1970 include Hurricane Celia, which killed 20 and caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage as it passed over Cuba and into Corpus Christi, Texas; and Tropical Storm Dorothy, which killed 51, most in Martinique.
[edit] Storms
[edit] Hurricane Alma
An area of disturbed weather persisted over the southwestern Caribbean Sea in the middle of May. It gradually organized, and a tropical depression formed on May 17. In response to low shear aloft and warm water temperatures, the depression rapidly strengthened on the 20th, becoming a storm early in the day and a hurricane by night. This didn't last, and Alma weakened to a storm on the 21st and a depression the following day, mostly due to upper-level shear. The depression continued its general northward movement, with a brief jog to the west, and hit Cuba on the 24th as a 30 mph tropical depression. As Alma crossed the eastern Gulf of Mexico, it retained a very well defined circulation with an eye appearing on radar, but shear limited convection and strength. Alma crossed the Florida coast on the 25th, and became extratropical 2 days later over North Carolina.
Alma was one of only three May hurricanes during the 20th century in the Atlantic basin.
[edit] Tropical Storm Becky
A rain system from the Intertropical Convergence Zone near Panama joined a low-level vortex over the northwest Caribbean, becoming a tropical depression on July 19. The next day it organized over the Yucatan Channel and became Tropical Storm Becky. Becky reached a peak of 65 mph winds over the eastern Gulf of Mexico, but upper level winds weakened it to a tropical depression prior its Florida Panhandle landfall on the 22nd. The storm weakened further over land, and dissipated over western Kentucky on the 23rd.
[edit] Hurricane Celia
- Main article: Hurricane Celia
Hurricane Celia developed from a tropical wave moving through the Caribbean, becoming a tropical depression on July 31 and a tropical storm on August 1. In the Gulf of Mexico, it rapidly became a major hurricane, but weakened steadily to an 85 mph hurricane. On the 3rd, it again rapidly strengthened to a major hurricane, this time reaching 130 mph winds prior to its Texas landfall. Celia killed 20 due to extreme gusts, and caused hundreds of millions in damage.
[edit] Tropical Storm Alpha
A tropical depression formed in the western Atlantic Ocean near the Bahamas on August 15. It moved northwestward for a day, followed by a northeast motion for another day, but it remained weak. On the 18th, in combination with baroclinic processes, the depression strengthened rapidly to a 70 mph tropical storm prior to becoming extratropical on the 19th south of Newfoundland.
[edit] Tropical Storm Dorothy
A tropical wave led to a tropical depression beginning 500 miles east of the Lesser Antilles on August 17. As it moved west-northwestward, it slowly strengthened, reaching tropical storm strength on the 19th. On the 20th, it reached its peak of 70 mph while moving through the islands, but an upper-level cold-core trough destroyed Dorothy on the 23rd.
[edit] Hurricane Ella
Hurricane Ella developed from a surface trough near Swan Island in the western Caribbean on September 8. It moved northwestward without strengthening, but on the 10th, as it moved into the Gulf of Mexico, it rapidly strengthened into a tropical storm, and a hurricane 6 hours later. Hurricane Ella gradually intensified prior to landfall, reaching 130 mph winds on the 12th just before hitting the La Pesca/Sota la Marina area of Mexico. Ella rapidly dissipated over land.
[edit] Tropical Storm Felice
An upper level trough led to the formation of a tropical depression on September 12 over the southern Bahamas. Land interaction limited strength initially, but as it moved into the Gulf of Mexico, it was able to strengthen to a 70 mph tropical storm. Shortly after its peak Felice moved inland near High Island, Texas on the 16th, and dissipated the next day over northeastern Texas.
[edit] Tropical Storm Greta
Tropical Storm Greta began quickly, forming as a tropical storm from a tropical wave over the Bahamas on September 26. Greta did not develop any further, and soon became disorganized, weakening to a tropical depression the next day as it crossed the Florida Keys. The depression moved across the Gulf of Mexico without strengthening, and eventually hit the coast of Tampico, Mexico on the 4th, where it dissipated shortly thereafter.
[edit] Hurricane Hallie
Hallie fromed from an elongated cold-core circulation north of Puerto Rico that organized enough to be called a subtropical depression on October 12. The next day it reached storm intensity, and after a drift to the west, reached hurricane intensity on the 16th. On the 16th it passed by Bermuda, but damage was minimal. Baroclinic processes let the storm reach a peak of 100 mph winds before becoming extratropical on the 17th.
[edit] Hurricane Isabel
A subtropical depression formed west of the Azores from an area of non-tropical origin on October 20. It strengthened to a tropical storm the next day. It slowly moved eastward, gaining strength but losing size. When it became a hurricane on the 27th, its hurricane-force winds were only 5 miles wide and its tropical storm force winds were only 60 miles wide. This compact cyclone became extratropical on the 28th after passing safely by the Azores.
[edit] 1970 storm names
The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1970. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.
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[edit] Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricanes
The name Celia was later retired.
[edit] 1979 Atlantic hurricane season
| Image:Storm05/Hurricane Season map.png Season summary map |
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| First storm formed: | June 19, 1979 |
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| Last storm dissipated: | October 25, 1979 |
| Strongest storm: | David - 924 mbar (27.29 inHg), 175 mph (280 km/h) |
| Total storms: | 9 |
| Major storms (Cat. 3+): | 2 |
| Total damage: | $7.2 billion (2005 USD) |
| Total fatalities: | 2073 |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 |
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The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1979, and lasted until November 30, 1979. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.
The most notable storms of 1979 were Hurricane David, a Category 5 storm on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale that killed over 2,000 people, mostly in the Dominican Republic; and Hurricane Frederic, which caused $2.3 billion (1979 US dollars; $5.0 billion in 2000 USD) and becamse the most expensive hurricane in United States history (at the time) when it made landfall near the border between Mississippi and Alabama.
[edit] Storms
[edit] Tropical Storm Ana
Ana formed as a tropical depression east of the Lesser Antilles. She was one of the first tropical storms to develop that far east during the month of June. The depression curved gently northwest and strengthened into Tropical Storm Ana while 100 miles northeast of Barbados. Ana crossed the Leeward Islands and weakened into a tropical depression. The storm dissipated the next morning.
[edit] Hurricane Bob
Bob was a weak hurricane that formed in the western Gulf of Mexico and curved northeast. Bob strengthened rapidly, reaching hurricane strength a couple hundred miles south of the Louisiana coast on July 11. It made landfall near Dulac, Louisiana later that day, killing one person and causing $20 million (1979 USD ($520 million 2005 USD)in damage. Bob was the first Atlantic hurricane to have a male name.
[edit] Tropical Storm Claudette
Claudette was a long-lived (July 15 - July 29) but fairly weak storm that spent almost its entire life as a tropical depression. Claudette formed in the central Atlantic east of the Windward Islands. It had two spells as a tropical storm; the first was a brief one east of Puerto Rico. The storm passed directly over the island just after weakening, where it killed one person from flooding. The depression moved casually through the Greater Antilles and moved into the Gulf of Mexico. Claudette restrengthened into a tropical storm south of Sabine, Texas and made landfall near Port Arthur, killing one person from floods. The storm stalled over Alvin, Texas on the evening of the 25th, and dropped 45 inches of rain there over the next 42 hours; this included 43 inches in 24 hours, the record 24-hour rainfall in US history at the time[citation needed] . Damages from flooding in Texas were enormous, totaling $400 million (1979 USD ($10.4 billion 2005 USD)). Claudette was one of the costliest storms on record that never reached hurricane intensity.
[edit] Hurricane David
- Main article: Hurricane David
David ranks as one of the strongest and deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record. It formed from a tropical wave in the central Atlantic east of the Windward Islands. The storm headed west, steadily strengthening. By the time David reached the Leeward Islands, it was at Category 4 intensity. David continued strengthening and reached Category 5 status south of Puerto Rico. It spent nearly two days at Category 5 intensity, storming through Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. Crossing Hispaniola weakened the storm greatly however, and David exited the island as a weak Category 1. It strengthened into a Category 2 off the south Florida coast. The western eyewall crossed the shoreline near Fort Lauderdale and continued up the entire length of the coast. The beach erosion was severe. David made landfall near Savannah, Georgia as a Category 1 and dissipated inland. David killed over 2,000 people in Hispaniola, 56 people on the island of Dominica, and 12 people in the U.S. as well as causing $320 million (1979 USD ($5.98 billion 2005 USD)) in damage.
[edit] Tropical Storm Elena
Tropical Depression Five formed in the Gulf of Mexico on August 30 and strengthened into Tropical Storm Elena on August 30. Elena never strengthened further and made landfall near Sargent, Texas as a weak tropical storm, rapidly degenerating as it moved inland. It caused less than $10 million dollars (1979 USD) ($260 million 2005 USD) in damage but managed to kill two people in floods.
[edit] Hurricane Frederic
- Main article: Hurricane Frederic
Frederic was a long-lived Cape Verde-type hurricane. It first became a hurricane in the central Atlantic east of the Windward Islands but soon weakened back into a tropical storm. Frederic crossed Hispaniola and weakened into a tropical depression. Frederic then crossed Cuba and regained tropical storm strength before entering the Gulf of Mexico. It was then that Frederic started to strengthen rapidly. By the time it reached a point just east of the Mississippi River Delta, Frederic was a Category 4. It made landfall near the Alabama/Mississippi border. Thanks to prior warning, the death toll was a minimal five people; however, damages soared to $2.3 billion (1979 dollars (8 billion 2005 dollars)) in damage.
[edit] Hurricane Gloria
Gloria was a minor hurricane that stayed out to sea. It formed near Cape Verde and was a tropical depression for a while before beginning to strengthen. Gloria reached peak intensity in the central Atlantic with sustained winds of 95 mph and a central pressure of 975 mbar. Gloria became extratropical over the north Atlantic two days later.
[edit] Hurricane Henri
Henri was a weak hurricane that took an unusual track through the Gulf of Mexico. It formed as a tropical depression off Cancún and curved around the peninsula, entering the Bay of Campeche. Henri quickly strengthened into a tropical storm and reached hurricane strength on September 17. It soon weakened back to a tropical storm and stalled off Tampico, Mexico. Henri then doubled back the way it came, weakened into a tropical depression, and curved sharply east into the open Gulf of Mexico, dissipating in the eastern Gulf. No damage was reported. This is the second time that the Gulf of Mexico had seen a rare non landfalling storm (the other storm was Hurricane Jeanne of 1980).
[edit] Hurricane Isabel
Hurricane Isabel formed south of Bermuda on October 23 as a subtropical depression and headed north. The subtropical depression grazed Bermuda and became a subtropical storm. This storm continued north and continued to strengthen. The storm briefly reached hurricane strength before weakening. The storm made landfall on Newfoundland on the 25th and dissipated later that day. No damage was reported.
[edit] 1979 storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1979. This season marked the debut of the current set of six lists containing both male and female names, replacing the ten-year set of female name lists introduced in 1971. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1985 season. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.
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[edit] Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricanes
The World Meteorological Organization retired two names in the spring of 1980: David and Frederic. They were replaced in the 1985 season by Danny and Fabian.
[edit] 1981 Atlantic hurricane season
| Image:Storm05/Hurricane Season map.png Season summary map |
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| First storm formed: | May 6, 1981 |
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| Last storm dissipated: | November 17, 1981 |
| Strongest storm: | Harvey - 946 mbar (27.94 inHg), 135 mph (215 km/h) |
| Total storms: | 12 |
| Major storms (Cat. 3+): | 3 |
| Total damage: | $32 million (2005 USD) |
| Total fatalities: | 2 |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 |
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The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1981, and lasted until November 30, 1981. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.
No storms were particularly destructive this season. Hurricane Dennis caused millions of dollars in damage in Dade County, Florida. Hurricane Katrina was the only storm that caused fatalities, killing two and caused widespread flood damage in the Camagüey Province of Cuba.
[edit] Storms
[edit] Tropical Storm Arlene
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| Arlene satellite picture and storm track | |
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Arlene combined several unusual features into one storm. It formed on May 6, well before the beginning of the normal hurricane season. It developed out of a disturbance that moved from the Pacific Ocean across Central America into the Caribbean Sea, an occurrence that happens only rarely. As the disturbance tracked northeast across the western Caribbean, it became a tropical depression, then on May 7 reached tropical storm strength near the Cayman Islands.
Arlene struck eastern Cuba on the night of the 7th, and the passage over land weakened it to a depression. It restrengthened briefly over the southeastern Bahamas, but weakened again and was absorbed by another system. Reported damage was minimal.
[edit] Tropical Storm Bret
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| Bret satellite picture and storm track | |
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Bret formed out of a subtropical low roughly 150 miles off the coast of North Carolina. The storm moved west-northwest, striking land in southern Maryland on July 1. Bret weakened significantly just before landfall, and reported winds were below gale force. No significant damage was reported. Bret is the first tropical storm to make landfall on the Delmarva Peninisula and one of to storm to affect Eastern Shore, Virginia.
[edit] Tropical Storm Cindy
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| Cindy satellite picture and storm track | |
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A subtropical depression that developed along a cold front organized into Tropical Storm Cindy on August 2, in the open Atlantic midway between Bermuda and Nova Scotia. Cindy tracked east-northeast until it became extratropical on August 5 as it moved over colder water. The storm never affected land and caused no known damage.
[edit] Hurricane Dennis
- Main article: Hurricane Dennis (1981)
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| Dennis satellite picture and storm track | |
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Dennis began as Cape Verde-type hurricanes typically do. A tropical wave leaving the coast of Africa on August 5 developed into Tropical Storm Dennis on the 7th near Cape Verde. Unlike most such storms, Dennis degenerated to a tropical wave before reaching the Windward Islands. This wave crossed the Caribbean, passing over Jamaica before reaching the southwestern coast of Cuba on August 15.
Once near Cuba, the wave began rapid organization, restrengthening into a tropical storm. It crossed Cuba, then moved into southern Florida. Over Florida, steering currents weakened and the storm stalled. On August 19, Tropical Storm Dennis reemerged over water, skimming the coasts of the Carolinas before accelerating out to sea. Dennis reached hurricane strength before becoming extratropical on the 22nd.
Most damage associated with Dennis was from the heavy rainfall caused by its slow passage over Florida. The highest amount registered was near Homestead, Florida, where 25.56 inches of rain was measured. Agriculture damage in Dade County, Florida was estimated at $15 million (1981 dollars). Coastal areas of the Carolinas were also affected by heavy rainfall, with spots seeing over 10 inches, as well as minor beach erosion.
[edit] Hurricane Emily
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| Emily satellite picture and storm track | |
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On September 1, a subtropical storm became Tropical Storm Emily southwest of Bermuda. Emily moved northeast, crossing the island the next day, but measured winds were below tropical storm force. The storm continued generally northeast and strengthened into a hurricane. Hurricane Emily weakened over the north Atlantic and was no longer identifiable as a weather system by September 12.
Hurricane Emily caused beach erosion across the East Coast of the United States, but no other damage was reported.
[edit] Hurricane Floyd
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| Floyd satellite picture and storm track | |
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Floyd was first tracked as a tropical depression on September 3 when it organized east of the Leeward Islands. As the depression moved northwest, it caused heavy rain. The highest rainfall reported was 5.7 inches (14.5 cm) at Antigua. It strengthened into a tropical storm, then reached hurricane strength on the 7th.
Floyd turned to the northeast, and passed just southeast of Bermuda as a weakening hurricane. As a tropical storm, Floyd moved east across the Atlantic until losing its identity on September 12.
No damages are associated with Floyd. Although Bermuda was directly affected, the island experienced the weaker half of the storm. Floyd was one of five hurricanes to simultaneously exist in the Atlantic during the 1981 season, something that was not seen again until the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season.
[edit] Hurricane Gert
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| Gert satellite picture and storm track | |
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A tropical depression became Tropical Storm Gert on September 8, roughly 115 miles east of Guadeloupe. Gert passed through the eastern Leeward Islands during the next few hours, but no significant winds were recorded. The next day, Gert's center moved across eastern Puerto Rico where it caused moderate to heavy rainfall.
Much of the storm's circulation moved over the Dominican Republic, and it reached the southeastern Bahamas before turning northward. Gert continued turning, and simultaneously strengthened. On September 12, Gert passed just north of Bermuda, but only light winds were recorded on the island. The storm was weakening, and accelerated on an east-northeast path. Its circulation dissipated on September 15 in the vicinity of the Azores.
No significant damage was reported to be caused by Hurricane Gert.
[edit] Hurricane Harvey
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| Harvey satellite picture and storm track | |
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Harvey formed in the central Atlantic, reaching hurricane strength only a few hours after first becoming a named system on September 12. From its initial position several hundred miles east of the Leeward Islands, Harvey moved northwest. Its path began curving more to the north, and was considered a threat to Bermuda until the continuing curve took Harvey away from the island. Harvey's track became more easterly, and the storm weakened and became extratropical as it approached the Azores.
Harvey caused no reported damage, although several ships reported experiencing tropical storm force winds.
[edit] Hurricane Irene
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| Irene satellite picture and storm track | |
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Irene became a named storm midway between the Windward Islands and Cape Verde on September 23, and its track mimicked that of Hurricane Harvey. The storm tracked northwest, becoming a hurricane on the 25th. Its track then began curving to the east, eventually resulting in motion to the northeast.
The storm weakened and became extratropical in early October. The remaining extratropical storm moved over France on October 3.
[edit] Tropical Storm Jose
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| Jose satellite picture and storm track | |
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Jose was a weak and short-lived tropical storm that formed far from land on October 29. It moved generally northeast before becoming subtropical and then dissipating on November 1 near the Azores.
[edit] Hurricane Katrina
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| Katrina satellite picture and storm track | |
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A tropical depression formed on November 3 in the western Caribbean Sea about 150 miles south of the Cayman Islands. The depression moved north, reaching tropical storm strength as it moved through the Caymans. Katrina continued to strengthen, reaching hurricane strength half a day before landfall in Cuba. A weakening Katrina moved across eastern Cuba on November 6. After emerging over water, the storm accelerated northeast through the Bahamas. Katrina's circulation fell apart, and the storm merged with a front on November 8.
Hurricane Katrina is reported to have killed two and caused widespread flood damage in the Camagüey Province of Cuba. Katrina was the only storm responsible for fatalities in 1981.
[edit] Subtropical Storm Lenny
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| Lenny satellite picture and storm track | |
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A frontal low over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream organized into an subtropical storm on November 12 while 400 miles east of Jacksonville, Floridaand it was named Lenny, the 12th named storm of the 1981 season. After moving northeastward, Lenny turned to the northwest, threatening the northeastern United States as an intensifying subtropical storm that was gradually developing tropical characteristics. A high pressure system turned it to the northeast, and after peaking at 70 mph it became extratropical near Nova Scotia on the 17th. Subtropical Storm Lenny produced significant beach erosion and coastal flooding.
[edit] 1981 storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1981. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1987 season. It was the first use for all of these names since the post-1978 naming change. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.
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[edit] Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricanes
No names were retired in 1981.
[edit] 1991 Atlantic Hurricane Season
| Image:Storm05/Hurricane Season map.png Season summary map |
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| First storm formed: | June 29, 1991 |
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| Last storm dissipated: | November 2, 1991 |
| Strongest storm: | Claudette - 943 mbar (27.84 inHg), 115 knots (135 mph) |
| Total storms: | 8 |
| Major storms (Cat. 3+): | 2 |
| Total damage: | $2.8 billion (1991 USD) |
| Total fatalities: | 29 |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 |
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The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1991, and lasted until November 30, 1991. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.
Only one 1991 storm caused any significant damage, Hurricane Bob. Bob travelled up the east coast of the United States, making landfall in Rhode Island. It was responsible for 17 deaths and an estimated $1.5 billion ($2 billion in 2000 dollars) in damage.
An unusual hurricane formed in early November. As a strong extratropical storm moved up the US east coast a tropical cyclone formed within it on November 1. Because the extratropical storm had caused serious damage ($1.3 billion) and the hurricane was expected to be extremely short-lived, it was not named, and warnings for the storm were issued primarily to marine interests. The hurricane made landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia the next day. No significant damage was reported as it had weakened greatly before crossing the coast.
[edit] Storms
[edit] Tropical Storm Ana
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| Ana satellite image and storm track. | |
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Tropical Storm Ana began life as a non-tropical cyclone which formed off the east coast of Florida on June 25 and made a leisurely tour of that state over the next few days. It returned to the Atlantic and developed into a Tropical Depression some 100 miles south of Charleston, South Carolina on July 2.
The system accelerated to the north-east running roughly parallel to the East Coast of the United States and strengthened into a Tropical Storm late on July 3. It continued eastwards and lost tropical characteristics over the Atlantic on July 5. Its storm total rainfall graphic is located here. There were no damage or casualties related to Ana.
[edit] Hurricane Bob
- Main article: Hurricane Bob
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| Bob satellite image and storm track. | |
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An area of disturbed weather developed south of Bermuda on August 12, drifting southwest and becoming a tropical depression on August 16 while 200 miles west of Nassau in the Bahamas. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Bob later the same day. It continued to strengthen as it moved northwest, and reached Hurricane force on August 17, 240 miles east of Daytona Beach, Florida, and reaching Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale on August 19 while passing Norfolk, Virginia.
The eye of the hurricane brushed the eastern tip of Long Island before making landfall in Rhode Island and passing over Newport. It weakened as it crossed Massachusetts, Maine and New Brunswick, and the non-tropical remnant crossed the Atlantic and dissipated near Portugal on August 29.
Storm surges up to 6 ft, and up to 8 inches of rainfall, accompanied Bob's passage up the East Coast. 16 fatalities were reported from the USA and 2 in Canada, and the cost of damage was estimated at $1.5 billion, mostly in Massachusetts.
[edit] Hurricane Claudette
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| Claudette satellite image and storm track. | |
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A tropical depression formed out of a non-tropical system south-east of Bermuda on September 4. It strengthened rapidly and was a Category 3 hurricane by September 6, and may have briefly reached Category 4. It curved around the central Atlantic passing 125 miles south-east of Bermuda on September 8, continued eastwards and dissipated near the Azores on September 14. No damage or casualties were reported.
[edit] Tropical Storm Danny
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| Danny satellite image and storm track. | |
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Danny formed from a tropical wave 300 miles south-southwest of Cape Verde on September 7. It headed generally towards the Leeward Islands but dissipated on September 11 without approaching land.
[edit] Tropical Storm Erika
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| Erika satellite image and storm track. | |
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Erika formed from a tropical wave in mid-Atlantic, becoming a tropical storm on September 9. It interacted with Hurricane Claudette and headed north-east towards the Azores, which it passed over on September 12 as an extratropical system. No damage or casualties were reported.
[edit] Tropical Storm Fabian
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| Fabian satellite image and storm track. | |
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Fabian formed in the Gulf of Honduras from the interaction of a cold front with a tropical wave. It became a tropical storm on October 15 southwest of the Isle of Youth, Cuba and passed over that island and the west of mainland Cuba before losing its tropical character between Florida and the Bahamas. Up to 6 inches of rain fell on Cuba, but no damage or casualties were reported. The storm total rainfall graphic shows the rainfall that fell in Florida due to Fabian. The tropical storm reached its peak intensity of 45 mph before becoming extratropical.
[edit] Hurricane Grace
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| Grace satellite image and storm track. | |
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Grace developed from a subtropical system south of Bermuda, becoming a tropical storm on October 27 and a hurricane the next day. After drifting northwards for a while it was forced rapidly to the east by a powerful extratropical cyclone off New England. It passed 50 miles south of Bermuda on October 29 but winds on the island reached no more than 25 mi/h at that time. Later that day it merged with a frontal system, setting off a series of powerful and unusual meteorological events. This included the formation of another (unnamed) hurricane within a non-tropical system.
No damage or casualties are attributed to Grace. Unusually rough seas and some coastal flooding around the western Atlantic at the time are believed to stem from the extratropical cyclone.
[edit] Hurricane Henri
- Main article: 1991 Halloween Nor’easter
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| Hurricane Henri satellite image and storm track. | |
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The extratropical cyclone that forced Hurricane Grace west caused severe coastal damage and flooding in New England, and several fatalities including the crew of the fishing boat Andrea Gail.
After passing its peak as an extratropical storm it drifted southwards over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, and the center acquired the characteristic convection features of a tropical storm on November 1. A reconnaissance flight the next day discovered hurricane force winds, and the storm was named Hurricane Henri. The hurricane's radius was about 30 miles and it continued to be surrounded by an extratropical gale 10 times this size.
Henri headed rapidly north-eastwards and weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia. No damage or casualties were attributed to the hurricane phase of the storm.
The genesis of a hurricane within an extratropical cyclone is unusual but not unique - 1980's Hurricane Karl had a similar origin.
Henri, was dubbed The Halloween Storm and The Perfect Storm. it was later made the backdrop to a book and film of the latter name. Despite the $1.6 billion dollar in damage it caused, the name was not retired and it wasnt used in 1997 but it was used in 2003 and will be used in 2009.
[edit] 1991 storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1991. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1997 season. This is the same list used for the 1985 season except for Erika and Grace, which replaced Elena and Gloria. Storms were named Erika and Grace for the first time in 1991. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.
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[edit] Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricanes
The World Meteorological Organization retired one name in the spring of 1992: Bob. It was replaced in the 1997 season by Bill.
