Stonefish

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iStonefish

Not evaluated (NE)

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Scorpaeniformes
Family:	Synanceiidae
Genus:	Synanceia
Species:	S. verrucosa

Binomial name

Synanceia verrucosa
Bloch & Schneider, 1801

Stonefish (Andaman Sea)

The stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa, also known as the reef stonefish or dornorn, is a carnivorous ray-finned fish with venomous spines that lives on the sea bed, camouflaged as a rock. It is the most widespread species of the stonefishes family, and is known to be found in the shallow tropical marine waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans, ranging from the Red Sea to the Queensland Great Barrier Reef.

The average length of most stonefish is about 35-50 centimeters. It has a mottled greenish to mostly brown color which aids in its ability to camouflage itself among the rocks of many of the tropical reefs. The fish eats mostly small fish, shrimp and other crustaceans. Its dorsal area is lined with spines that release a venomous toxin. It is the most dangerous of known venomous fish and its venom causes severe pain with possible shock, paralysis, and tissue death depending on the depth of the penetration. This level can be fatal to humans if not given medical attention within a couple of hours.Immediate first aid treatment requires the immobilisation of venom at penetration site. Depending on depth of penetration either firm constrictive bandaging or managed tourniquet sited between wound and proximal flexure, if possible. Venom is protein based so can be denatured by application of very hot compresses to injury site. Some relief can be gained from infiltrating wound with a local anaesthetic. This is a temporary measure to reduce localised pain and shock. Medical help must be sought at the earliest opportunity. Typically surviving victims suffer localised nerve damage occasionally leading to atrophy of adjoining muscle tissues. There have been unproven reports of oesteo-arthritic sufferers experiencing improved mobility and reduction in joint pain following envenomation episode. The responsible agent has not been identified. Their primary commercial significance is as aquarium pets, but they are also sold for their meat in Hong Kong markets.