Stefan George
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Stefan George (July 12, 1868 – December 4, 1933) was a German poet and translator.
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[edit] Biography
George was born in Bingen, Rhineland-Palatinate. His writing first became of note in the 1890s. George founded an important literary magazine called Blätter für die Kunst, around which a literary circle came to gather. As the Nazi regime realized it could gain popularity by claiming George as a Nazi poet, he left Germany and emigrated to Switzerland. George himself shunned such an association, and he died in Locarno. The Nazis made George a national poet after his death. Ironically, George was a homosexual, a persecuted group under the Nazis.
[edit] Work
George's poetry was categorised by an aristocratic and remote ethos; his verse was formal in style, lyrical in tone, and often arcane in language, being influenced by Greek classical forms, in revolt against the realist trend in German literature at the time. Believing that the purpose of poetry was distance from the world - he was a strong advocate of art for art's sake, and was influenced by Nietzsche—George's writing had many ties with the French Symbolist movement. He was in contact with many of its representatives, including Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine.
George was an important bridge between the 19th century and German modernism, even though he was a harsh critic of the then modern era. He experimented with various poetic metres, punctuation, obscure allusions and typography.
George's best remembered collection of poetry was entitled Algabal; the title is a reference to the Roman emperor Elagabalus. George was also an important translator; he translated Dante, Shakespeare and Baudelaire into German.
[edit] Influence
George was thought of by his contemporaries as a prophet and a priest, while he thought of himself as a messiah of a new kingdom that would be led by intellectual or artistic elites, bonded by their faithfulness to a strong leader. His poetry emphasized self-sacrifice, heroism and power, and he thus gained popularity in right wing and Nazi circles. A group of writers that congregated around him were known as the Georgekreis (George circle).
Critics considered his work to be proto-fascist, though many of the leading members of the German Resistance to the Nazis were drawn from among his followers, notably the Stauffenberg brothers who were introduced to George by the poet and scholar Albrecht von Blumenthal.
Out of the Georgekreis arose Hugo von Hofmannsthal, one of Austria's most important literary modernists (who broke from George's influence), and also several members of the July 20 Plot to assassinate Hitler, including Claus von Stauffenberg himself.
George is also said to have had an influence on Franz Kafka.
George's poetry was a major influence on the music of the Second Viennese School of composers, particularly during their Expressionist period. Arnold Schoenberg set George's poetry in such works as his String Quartet No. 2 Op. 10 of 1908 and The Book of the Hanging Gardens Op. 15 of 1909, while his student Anton Webern made use of George's verse in his early choral work Entflieht auf leichten Kähnen Op. 2 as well as in two sets of songs, Opp. 3 and 4 of 1909, and in several posthumously published vocal works from the same period.
[edit] Online texts
[edit] References
- Secret Germany: Stefan George and his Circle (2002) Robert E. Norton
[edit] Bibliography
Selected German titles
- Algabal (1892)
- Das Jahr der Seele ('The Year of the Soul', 1897)
- Der siebente Ring ('The Seventh Ring', 1907)
- Der Stern des Bundes ('The Star of the Covenant', 1914)
- Das neue Reich ('The New Kingdom', 1928)
