Steam beer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Steam beer may be defined as a highly effervescent beer made by brewing lager yeasts at ale fermentation temperatures. It has two distinct but related meanings:
- Historic steam beer, by all accounts bad-tasting, produced in California from the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s;
- Modern California Common beer, the official name for the beer family which includes Anchor Steam® beer.
Historic steam beer, associated with San Francisco and the U. S. West Coast, was brewed with lager yeast without the use of refrigeration. It was an improvised process, originating out of necessity, perhaps as early as the Gold Rush. It was considered a cheap and low-quality beer, as shown by references to it in literature of the 1890s and 1900s.
Modern steam beer, properly known in the brewing community as California Common beer, was originated by Anchor Brewing Company, which trademarked the name Anchor Steam® Beer in 1981. Although the modern company has corporate continuity with a small brewery which was still making traditional steam beer in the 1950s, Anchor Steam beer is a craft-brewed lager. The company does not claim any close similarity between it and turn-of-the-century steam beer (which, by all accounts, is a good thing).
Explanations of the word "steam" are all speculative. The carbon dioxide pressure produced by the process was very high, and one possibility is that it was necessary to let off "steam" before attempting to dispense the beer. According to the Anchor Brewing Company, the name "steam" came from the fact that the brewery had no way to effectively chill the boiling wort using traditional means (most home brewers rapidly cool their wort by running it through coils of copper pipe immersed in ice, while professionals use more sophisticated Wort cooling devices). So they pumped the hot wort up to large, shallow, open-top bins on the roof of the brewery so that it would be rapidly chilled by the cool air blowing in off the Pacific Ocean. Thus while brewing, the brewery had a distinct cloud of steam around the roof let off by the wort as it cooled, hence the name.
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[edit] Brewing process
In 19th-century California, not only ice, but even sources of naturally cold water, were probably unavailable to brewers. California brewers were forced to use lager yeast at higher ale temperatures.
Final flavors of beer are influenced by the strain of yeast and the fermentation temperature. Lager yeast is best used at temperatures from 55°F down to 32 °F. Classic lagering of beers takes place over a period of time from weeks to many months at a temperature of 45°F. Lager yeasts are bottom fermenting, which is to say that they ferment the wort while sitting on the bottom of the fermenter.
Ale yeast is best used at temperatures from 55°F UP to 75°F. Fermentation by ale yeasts produces a beer that has a distinctive ale flavor. Ale yeasts are Top-fermenting, that is they settle out on top of the wort after fermenting (fermentation itself takes place in a suspension). Steam Beer uses bottom fermenting lager yeasts at ale temperatures, which results in a very distinctive flavor profile that includes both ale and lager characteristics.
While steam beer is considered a specialty microbrew style of beer today, it was originally a cheap beer made for blue collar workers. Wahl & Heinus’ “American Handy Book of Brewing and Malting” (1902) describes California Steam Beer as “a very clear, refreshing drink, much consumed by the laboring classes.” And while Anchor Steam is an all-barley malt beer, additives were often used in the early days. According to Wahl & Heinus’ book, “Malt alone, malt and grits, or raw cereals of any kind, and sugars, especially glucose, employed in the kettle to the extent of 33 1/3 percent…. Roasted malt or sugar coloring is used to give the favorite amber color of Munich beer.”
[edit] Steam beer in literature
Jack London refers to steam beer in his "alcoholic memoir," John Barleycorn, in a passage explaining how he started drinking in late-1880s San Francisco:
- The first day I worked in the bowling alley, the barkeeper, according to custom, called us boys up to have a drink after we had been setting up pins for several hours. The others asked for beer. I said I'd take ginger ale. The boys snickered, and I noticed the barkeeper favoured me with a strange, searching scrutiny. Nevertheless, he opened a bottle of ginger ale. Afterward, back in the alleys, in the pauses between games, the boys enlightened me. I had offended the barkeeper. A bottle of ginger ale cost the saloon ever so much more than a glass of steam beer; and it was up to me, if I wanted to hold my job, to drink beer.
As a budding writer, "a wild band of young revolutionists invited me as the guest of honour to a beer bust" and was challenged to a drinking contest.
- I'd show them, the young rascals.... These unlicked cubs who thought they could out-drink me! Faugh! it was steam beer. I had learned more expensive brews. Not for years had I drunk steam beer...
Frank Norris's 1899 novel McTeague, set in San Francisco, sets the stage with a reference to steam beer in its opening paragraph:
- It was Sunday, and, according to his custom on that day, McTeague took his dinner at two in the afternoon at the car conductors' coffee-joint on Polk Street. He had a thick gray soup; heavy, underdone meat, very hot, on a cold plate; two kinds of vegetables; and a sort of suet pudding, full of strong butter and sugar. On his way back to his office, one block above, he stopped at Joe Frenna's saloon and bought a pitcher of steam beer. It was his habit to leave the pitcher there on his way to dinner.... By and by, gorged with steam beer, and overcome by the heat of the room, the cheap tobacco, and the effects of his heavy meal, he dropped off to sleep.
When he marries, his wife convinces him to adopted more refined habits:
- She broke him of the habit of eating with his knife, she caused him to substitute bottled beer in the place of steam beer, and she induced him to take off his hat to Miss Baker, to Heise's wife, and to the other women of his acquaintance.
[edit] California Common beer
According to the Beer Judge Certification Program, the term California Common beer, designated style 7B, is "narrowly defined around the prototypical Anchor Steam example," and other commercial examples include Southampton West Coast Steam Beer, Old Dominion Victory Amber, and Flying Dog Old Scratch Amber Lager. The style "showcases the signature Northern Brewer hops (with woody, rustic or minty qualities) in moderate to high strength," is fermented with "a lager yeast, but one that was selected to thrive at the cool end of normal ale fermentation temperatures," and was traditionally fermented in large, shallow, open fermenters called coolships.
[edit] Other kinds of "steam beer"
A British brewery, the Lincolnshire Steam Beer Co., derives its name from the steam-powered brewing machinery.
Canadian Brewers, Sleeman, also have a Steam Beer [1] available. Once sued by Anchor over the term "Steam beer", the Canadian courts allowed Sleeman to continue using the term as Anchor had not been available on the Canadian market prior to the Sleeman product.
[edit] External links
- Steam beer Detailed historical article by Martin Lodahl from Brew Your Own magazine
- Anchor Brewing Co. Official web site of the Anchor Steam Beer brewer
