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Sorting out specification tables for VW Passat page

Contents 1 Passat Spec 2 Size and shape 2.1 Size 2.2 Shape 2.3 Changes in size and shape 2.4 Surgery 3 Form 3.1 Shape and support 3.2 Additional, external support 3.3 Development 3.4 Size variation 3.5 Changes in size and shape

[edit] Passat Spec

version	b1	def	def	def	ghi	b6
wheelbase	mno	pqr	vwx	s	yz	p
curb weight	vwx	s	yz	vwx	s	yz
length	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
width	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
height	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
avaialbel engines	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
transmission	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
braking system	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
avaialbel engines	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
avaialbel engines	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz
avaialbel engines	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s
avaialbel engines	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s
avaialbel engines	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	2.8 L, 6-cylinder, 30-valve, 90° V	vwx	s	yz

[edit] Size and shape

There is naturally a great variety in both the size and shape of breasts in women.

[edit] Size

120px|thumb|left|Approximately average sized breasts of a young caucasian woman There is a large natural variety in breast size in women. Size is typically expressed as a "bra size", because, in order to fit correctly and support the breasts as intended, a brassiere must fit quite precisely, and so a wide variety of sizes are available.

Some fully developed women have quite flat chests, as in prepubesecnt girls, with no noticeable crease or cleavage, whilst in others have considerably larger breasts with a distinct crease (the inframammary line) at the join with the chest wall. According to the results of the "Size UK" survey ^[1], the average bra size in the UK has increased from a 34B in the 1950s to a 36C today, and the average size for US women is a 34B as of 2005 by the CDC.

The size of a woman's breasts is affected by various factors including genetics, and may vary with time, as described below. Although it is a common belief that human female breasts are shaped the way they are so that they can feed babies by producing milk, there is no evidence of a relationship between breast size and ability to breastfeed. Women with exceptionally large breasts may experience back pain. In some societies there is a belief amongst some that small breasts make a woman less sexually attractive. Some women suffer from insecurity about the size of their breasts.

It is quite typical for a woman's breasts to be unequal in size, particularly whilst the breasts are developing during puberty. Statistically it is slightly more common for the left breast to be the larger^[1]. In rare cases, the breasts may be significantly different in size, or one breast may fail to develop entirely.

[edit] Shape

Aside from size variations, there is also a naturally large variety in the shape of breasts. Breasts may be more or less

Some breasts may sag considerably below the inframmarary line. This is more common with larger breasts, due to the increased weight, and in some cases the breasts may extend as far as, or in extreme cases beyond, the navel. This natural effect is sometimes termed ptosis, usually when it is considered as an undesirable condition. In contrast, some breasts do not sag below the inframmarry line at all, and form a rounded shape protruding almost entirely horizintally from the chest wall.

Women with smaller breasts may not exhibit any

This tends to be the case with

The shape of a woman's breast is dependent on their support, which primarily comes from the skin and the ligaments of the breasts themselves. Additionally, the thoracic cavity slopes progressively outwards from the thoracic inlet (at the top of the breastbone) above to the lowest ribs which mark its lower boundary. The breast is attached to the chest wall by the fascia, but "hinges" along the inframammary line. Therefore any breasts which extend below the inframammary line will lie with some of their weight actually supported by the chest against which the lower breast surface comes to rest. This is the third component after skin and ligaments that give the breast its shape.

Their shape is thought to have evolved due to sexual attraction as well as effectiveness for nursing, as described above. The orb-like shape of breasts help limit heat loss, as a fairly high temperature is required for the production of milk.

Wearing a bra provides additional support for the breasts, and thus alters the shape of the breasts. This usually has the effect of raising the poisiton of the breasts and making them more rounded in shape. The health benefits of wearing of a brassiere are not universally accepted. A long term clinical study showed that women with large breasts can suffer shoulder pain as a result of bra straps ^[2], although it should be stated that a well fitting bra should support most of the breasts' weight on the back strap rather than on the shoulders.

The breasts naturally sag through ageing, as the ligaments become elongated. This process may be accelerated by high impact exercises, and a brassiere may reduce this effect by providing external support. Pendulous breasts (ptosis) are considered undesirable by some, and some older women seek cosmetic surgery to raise their busts.

[edit] Changes in size and shape

thumb|right|Breast with prominent [[stretchmarks]]

The most signifincat change in breast size is normally their development during puberty, but since the breasts are mostly composed of adipose tissue, their size and shape can change over time more than other parts of the body. This occurs for a number of reasons, for example if the woman gains or loses weight. Any rapid increase in size of the breasts, during puberty, weight gain or pregnancy, can result in the appearance of stretchmarks on the skin.

It is also typical for a number of changes to occur during during pregnancy: the breasts generally become larger and firmer, mainly due to hypertrophy of the mammary gland in response to the hormone prolactin. It is also common for the size of the nipples to increase noticeably, and for their pigmentation to become darker. These changes may coninue during breastfeeding. The breasts generally revert to approximately their previous size after birth or the cessation of nursing although there may be some increased sagging and stretchmarks.

The size of a woman's breasts usually fluctuates during the menstrual cycle, particularly with premenstrual water retention. An increase in breast size is also a common side effect of use of the contraceptive pill.

[edit] Surgery

In some cultures a number of women who are unhappy with their size seek surgery either to artificially reduce or enlarge their breasts. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery found that 334,052 breast augmentation procedures were performed in 2004 [2].

Some women undergo breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer, a result of the high value placed on symmetry of the human form in those cultures, and because women often identify their femininity and sense of self with their breasts.

[edit] Form

[edit] Shape and support

Aside from size variations, there is naturally large variety in the shape of breasts. The shape of a woman's breast is dependent on their support, which primarily comes from the skin and the ligaments of the breasts themselves, and the underlying chest on which they rest. The breast is attached at its base to the chest wall by the deep fascia over the pectoral muscles. On its upper surface it is suspended by the covering skin where it continues on to the upper chest wall. In discussing the support of breasts, it is helpful to draw a disintction between breasts which fold over (at the inframmary line) to rest on the on the chest below, and those which do not.

Breasts which do not sag below the inframmarry line at all form a rounded, dome shape protruding almost horizintally from the chest wall. All breasts are like this in early stages if development, and such a shape is common in younger women and girls. This protruding or 'high' breast is anchored to the chest at its base, and the weight is distributed evenly over the area of the base of the approximately cone-shaped breasts.

In women whose breasts do form an inframammary fold, the skin hinges along the inframammary line, where the skin on the underside of the breast joins that of the chest wall. This is more common with larger breasts, due to the increased weight, and in some cases the breasts may extend as far as, or in extreme cases beyond, the navel. This perfectly natural effect is sometimes termed ptosis, usually when it is considered as an undesirable condition. Some teenagers may develop breasts whose skin comes into contact with the chest below the inframammary fold at an early age, and some women may never develop such breasts. Both situations are perfectly normal.

In this low breast, a proportion of the breasts' weight is actually supported by the chest against which the lower breast surface comes to rest, as well as the deep anchorage at the base, and thus the weight is now distributed over a larger area. This has the effect of reducing the strain. In both males and females, the thoracic cavity slopes progressively outwards from the thoracic inlet (at the top of the breastbone) above to the lowest ribs which mark its lower boundary, allowing it to support the breasts.

[edit] Additional, external support

Since the breasts are flexible, the shape of breasts may be strongly affected by clothing, and foundation garments in particular. A bra may be worn to give additional support and to alter the shape of the breasts. There is some debate over whether such support is desirable. A long term clinical study showed that women with large breasts can suffer shoulder pain as a result of bra straps ^[3], although it should be stated that a well fitting bra should support most of the breasts' weight on the back strap rather than on the shoulders. (See Myalgia (brassiere))

[edit] Development

The breasts develop during puberty, and in most cases, the breasts do fold down over the chest wall during development, as shown in this diagram.^[4]. It is typical for a woman's breasts to be unequal in size particularly whilst the breasts are developing during puberty. Statistically it is slightly more common for the left breast to be the larger^[1]. In some rare cases, the breasts may be significantly different in size, or one breast may fail to develop entirely.

[edit] Size variation

150px|thumb|right|Approximately average sized breasts of a caucasian woman.

There is naturally a great variety in the size and shape of breasts in women, some have large breasts and some have a relatively flat chest, with size being affected by various factors including genetics.

In order to provide additional support for the breasts, a correctly sized bra must be worn and it is for this reason that breast size is typically expressed as a "bra size". According to the results of the "Size UK" survey ^[3], the average bra size in the UK has increased from a 34B in the 1950s to a 36C today, and the average size for US women is a 34B as of 2005 by the CDC. Women with exceptionally large breasts may experience back pain. In some societies there is a belief amongst some that small breasts make a woman less sexually attractive. Some women suffer from insecurity about their breasts, and in some cultures a number of women who are unhappy with their size seek surgery either to artificially reduce or enlarge their breasts. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery found that 334,052 breast augmentation procedures were performed in 2004 [4].

There is no relationship between breast size and ability to breastfeed, and it is a common belief that human female breasts are shaped the way they are so that they can feed babies by producing milk. However, their shape is also thought to have evolved due to sexual attraction, as described above. The orb-like shape of breasts help limit heat loss, as a fairly high temperature is required for the production of milk.

[edit] Changes in size and shape

thumb|right|Breast with prominent [[stretchmarks]]

As breasts are mostly composed of adipose tissue, their size can change over time. This occurs for a number of reasons, for example if the woman gains or loses weight. Any rapid increase in size of the breasts, during puberty, weight gain or pregnancy, can result in the appearance of stretchmarks on the skin.

It is also typical for a number of changes to occur during during pregnancy: the breasts generally become larger and firmer, mainly due to hypertrophy of the mammary gland in response to the hormone prolactin. It is also common for the size of the nipples to increase noticeably, and for their pigmentation to become darker. These changes may coninue during breastfeeding. The breasts generally revert to approximately their previous size after pregnancy, although there may be some increased sagging and stretchmarks.

The size of a woman's breasts usually also fluctuates during the menstrual cycle, particularly with premenstrual water retention. An increase in breast size is also a common side effect of use of the contraceptive pill.

The breasts naturally sag through ageing, as the ligaments become elongated. This process may be accelerated by high impact exercises, and a brassiere may reduce this effect by providing external support, although the health benefits of wearing of a brassiere are not universally accepted. Pendulous breasts (ptosis) are considered undesirable by some, and some older women seek cosmetic surgery to raise their busts.

Some women undergo breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer, a result of the high value placed on symmetry of the human form in those cultures, and because women often identify their femininity and sense of self with their breasts.