Splittail
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| iSplittail | ||||||||||||||
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 Adult splittail
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| Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (Ayres, 1854) |
The splittail, or Sacramento splittail, Pogonichthys macrolepidotus, is a cyprinid fish native to the low-elevation waters of the Central Valley in California. It was first described by William O. Ayres in 1854. It is the sole living member of its genus, the Clear Lake splittail P. ciscoides having become extinct in the 1970s.
The distinctive feature of the splittail is the larger upper lobe of the tail fin. It also has tiny barbels at the corners of the mouth. The dorsal fin has 9-10 rays, while the pectoral fins have 16-19 rays, the pelvic fin 8-9 rays, and the anal fin 7-9 rays. Color is silver on the sides, with a dusky olive gray on the back; during the breeding season the fins pick up a red-orange tinge, and the males become darker and develop white tubercles on the head and at the bases of the fins.
They feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates and detritus, generally in areas of low to moderate current. In Suisun Bay, opossum shrimp (mostly Neomysis mercedis), amphipods such as Corophium, and copepods are favorite foods, while in the Sacramento Delta they eat clams, crustaceans, and insect larvae. During periods of high water levels (February/March), splittails will move into flooded areas to look for earthworms.
Their range is the lower-elevation waters of the Central Valley, extending to San Francisco Bay. Although once found as far north as Redding, they are now only rarely seen in the upper Sacramento River. They were once caught from southern San Francisco Bay and in Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County), but are now restricted to the Sacramento Delta, Suisun Bay, and the lower parts of Sonoma Creek, Petaluma River and Napa River. They are tolerant of moderate levels of salinity and/or alkalinity.
Splittail are now considered endangered due to pressures on their habitats. The Central Valley's system of sloughs and backwaters maintained by annual flooding has largely disappeared, as part of draining and diking for agriculture.
[edit] References
- Gimenez Dixon (1996). Pogonichthys macrolepidotus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Endangered (EN A1c v2.3)
- Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (TSN 163603). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 18 April 2006.
- Peter B. Moyle, Inland Fishes of California (University of California Press, 2002), pp. 146-150
- "Pogonichthys macrolepidotus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. April 2006 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2006.
