Special Esperanto adverbs

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A limited number of Esperanto adverbs do not end with the regular adverbial ending (-e). Many of these function as more than just adverbs, such as hodiaŭ "today" [noun or adverb] and ankoraŭ "yet, still" [conjunction or adverb]. Others are part of the correlative system, and have not been repeated here.

It should be mentioned that the class of 'adverb' is not well defined in any language, and that it is sometimes difficult to say whether a word is an adverb or not. The -e suffix is restricted in Esperanto for cases that are clearly adverbial.

[edit] Adverbial roots ending in the undefined pseudo-suffix -aŭ

The pseudo-suffix -aŭ is not part of the root, and in theory may be replaced by other grammatical suffixes, or simply dropped, but in practice this does not occur outside poetry. Not all Esperanto words ending in -aŭ have adverbial uses; an example is the preposition anstataŭ 'instead of', which can only be used adverbially in the derived form anstataŭe (rarely anstate).

	Esperanto	English	notes
	ambaŭ	both	adjective and adverb
	ankoraŭ	still, yet	conjunction and adverb
	apenaŭ	barely
	baldaŭ	soon
	hodiaŭ	today	noun and adverb
	hieraŭ	yesterday	noun and adverb
	kvazaŭ	as if	conjunction and adverb
	morgaŭ	tomorrow	noun and adverb
	preskaŭ	almost

[edit] Bare root adverbs

Some of these may argued to be grammatical particles and not true adverbs, in which case clear adverbs may be derived by adding the ending -e.

	Esperanto	English	notes
	for	away	cf. the derived adverb fore
	jam	already, yet
	ĵus	just now
	nun	now	noun and adverb
	nur	only
	plej	most	cf. the derived adverb pleje
	pli	more	pronoun and adverb; cf. the derived adverb plie
	plu	beyond, further	cf. the derived adverb plue
	tre	very
	tro	overly, too much	cf. the derived adverb troe
	tuj	at once, immediately