Spanish Armada in Ireland
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In September 1588 up to 24 ships of the Spanish Armada were wrecked on the coast of Ireland, with heavy loss of life. At the time, the plantation of Munster was in train (following the suppression of the second of the Desmond Rebellions), and the prospect of a Spanish landing in Ireland caused alarm to the government of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
Harsh measures were proscribed for both the Spanish invaders and any Irish who might assist them. Most of the survivors of the multiple wrecks were put to death, with the rest fleeing to Scotland, and the threat to crown authority was readily defeated.
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[edit] Background
The Spanish Armada was a fleet of 128 ships that sailed from Lisbon in August 1588 under the command of the Duke of Medina Sedonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. It met with bad weather and resistance in the English Channel and was driven from its task by an attack of fireships off Calais.
On departing the English Channel, 110 ships remained in formation under Medina Sedonia. Many had been damaged by gunfire, although their seaworthiness was generally determined more by the fitness of their design for Atlantic conditions - a large portion had seen their only service in the Mediterranean sea. Another factor that was to prove crucial to survival in the coming Atlantic storms was the loss of anchors in the Armada's flight from the fireships.
[edit] The course home
A meeting of commanders was held on the flagship, with some proposing a course for Norway, others for Ireland. Medina Sedonia made his choice, and instructions were issued to the fleet:
"The course that is first to be held is to the north/north-east until you be found under 61 degrees and a half; and then to take great heed lest you fall upon the Island of Ireland for fear of the harm that may happen unto you upon that coast. Then, parting from those islands and doubling the Cape in 61 degrees and a half, you shall run west/south-west until you be found under 58 degrees; and from thence to the south-west to the height of 53 degrees; and then to the south/south-west, making to the Cape Finisterre, and so to procure your entrance into the Groin or to Ferrol, or to any other port of coast of Galicia." (translation quoted at p.163 Falls)
According to these instructions, the ships were to approach the coast of Norway, before steering to the meridian of the Shetland Islands and on to Rockall Island. This allowed safe passage inside the southern tip of the Shetlands, with the fleet clearing the coast of Scotland at a distance of 100 miles. Once out in the broad Atlantic, the commanders were to steer to a point 400 miles beyond the mouth of the river Shannon on the west coast of Ireland, leaving a clear run to northern Spain.
[edit] The courses taken
The Armada followed the appointed course, clearing the North Sea and sailing into the Atlantic from north Uist in the Hebrides Islands, until it found itself off Rockall (reckoned the most isolated sea-rock in the world). Existing log-books show that the fleet accurately estimated its distance from the Irish coast at this point as 95 leagues.
At Rockall a portion of the fleet deviated from Medina Sedonia's instructions - whether by choice or out of necessity is not known. It is possible that the formation of the fleet was broken in heavy weather or fog. But, after seven weeks at sea, the proximity of the Irish coast made landfall there attractive for the purpose of taking on supplies and effecting repairs. In the event, only 84 ships followed Medina Sedonia's flagship on the appointed course. Most of these made it home, although in varying states of distress.
One squadron of ships chose to set course for Ireland under the leadership of Juan Martinez de Recalde, a sailor of the highest ability and judgment. His galleon was the San Juan de Portugal of the Biscayan squadron, which had fought in the rearguard in the channel fight and held off Francis Drake in the Revenge, John Hawkins in the Victory, and Martin Frobisher in the Triumph.
Some Armada pilots may have used a map of Ireland published by Mercator ten years previously, which charted the east Atlantic with a fair degree of accuracy. But navigation of the western seaboard of the island demanded intimate knowledge. The experience of Spanish mariners in the intricacies of the Irish coast and weather conditions was largely confined to trading voyages to the south and south-west of the country. But Recalde did have experience of Irish waters from his service in Munster at the Siege of Smerwick in 1580, when the English had sent a squadron that included the Revenge to drive off a Papal invasion force in the Dingle peninsula.
The number of ships that eventually sailed for Ireland - some contact with the squadron of Recalde appears to have been maintained - was perhaps 28. There were several galleons, but most of the ships were merchantmen, which had been converted for battle and were now leaking heavily, with most of their anchors missing, and making sail with severely damaged masts and rigging. At the beginning of September 1588 they lost contact with Recalde's squadron in a south-west gale (described in the contemporary account of an Irish government official as one, "the like whereof hath not been seen or heard for a long time"). Within days this lost fleet had made landfall in Ireland.
[edit] Government preparations
The head of the Irish crown government at Dublin was Lord Deputy William Fitzwilliam, who had succeeded John Perrot in that office in 1587. In August of 1588 Fitzwilliam was presented with credible intelligence that the battle in the English Channel had been won by the Spanish and that the invasion of England was set to be completed. Then it was understood that the Spanish were in the Atlantic and the entire fleet was about to fall on the coast of Ireland. The degree of alarm at Dublin was extreme, and Fitzwilliam put out false reports that English reinforcements were due to arrive there with 10,000 troops.
It was feared that the Spanish would land in disciplined formations, with the Irish rising out to join them in territories that were almost beyond the control of the crown government. But reliable intelligence was soon received at Waterford and Dublin, that the ships were fetching up in a chaotic manner at disparate locations in the provinces of Ulster, Connacht and Munster, along a coastline spanning 500 km. The order went out from Fitzwilliam for the apprehension and execution of all Spaniards; the use of torture was sanctioned in pursuit of the survivors, and those aiding them were to be charged as traitors.
[edit] Landfall
[edit] Munster
The first landfall of the Armada ships was in Munster, a province which had lately been sparsely planted by English colonists after the suppression of the last of the Desmond Rebellions in 1583. Fitzwilliam received orders from London to lead an expedition there, and intelligence from the governor of Connacht, Richard Bingham, soon confirmed that there had been further landfalls throughout the west and north of the country.
Shannon Estuary: The first sighting of Armada ships was in the Shannon estuary. There were 7 anchored safely at Scattery Roads, and it is probable they enjoyed the services of a pilot who knew the coast. An attempt to land was repulsed, although certain supplies were secured while repairs were undertaken. One of the ships, the Annunciada, was scuppered, with the crew transferring to the Barco de Danzig, which made it safe to Spain after the squadron departed the Shannon estuary on September 11.
Blasket Islands: Recalde's squadron consisted of three ships: the San Juan de Portugal (1,150 tons/500 men/20 guns), the San Juan de Bautista (750 tons/243 men), and another small vessel - almost certainly a Scottish fishing smack that had been seized to assist with navigation and inshore work. As the ships made their way through a storm to the coast of Kerry, the lookouts sighted Mount Brandon on the Dingle peninsula and to the west the lofty Blasket Islands, a complex archipelago studded with reefs.
Recalde steered toward the Blaskets in search of shelter, and chose to ride on a swell through a tight gap at the eastern tip of the Great Blasket Island. His galleon made it through and anchored beneath sheer cliffs in calm water over a sandy bottom. The Bautista and the smack soon followed. Such was the difficulty of this manouevre that it could only have been contemplated with intimate knowledge of that stretch of coastline, and the anchorage ensured that the only wind that could drive the ships off would bring them clear of the Irish coast.
The ships remained within their shelter for several days, in which period a crown force led by Thomas Norris (brother of the soldier, John Norris) and Edward Denny (husband of Lady Denny) arrived in Dingle to guard against a Spanish landing. An eight-man reconnaissance party sent ashore by Recalde was captured. At one stage a westerly gale caused the Portugal to collide with the Bautista, and when the wind died down another ship, the Santa Maria de la Rosa (900 tons/297 men/Guipuzcoa squadron), entered the sound from the north and fired off a gun by way of distress signal.
As the tide ebbed, Recalde's ships held their anchorage in the more sheltered part of the sound, while the Rosa drifted and then simply sank - perhaps on striking Stromboli Rock - leaving one survivor for the English to interrogate. The survivor's information was that the captain of the Rosa had called the pilot a traitor and run him through with a sword just as the ship began to sink; he also asserted that the Prince of Ascoli, son of the king of Spain, had gone down with the ship - this was false, but proved useful propaganda for the English.
Two more ships entered the sound - the San Juan de Ragusa (650 tons/285 men), the other unidentified. The Ragusa was in distress and sank - perhaps on striking Dunbinna reef. The Bautista attempted to take advantage of an ebb tide and sail south out of the sound, but ended up tacking about on the flood tide to avoid the numerous reefs before sailing through the north-west passage; after a difficult night the crew were dismayed to find themselves at the mouth of the sound once more. However, the wind blew from the south-east and the Bautista finally escaped on the 25th of September and made it home to Spain through a terrible storm.
Three days later Recalde led the remaining ships out of the sound and brought them to Spain, where he instantly died. Those survivors who had fallen into Denny's custody were put to death at Dingle.
Fenit: The sloop Nuestra Senora del Socorro (75 tons) anchored at Fenit on the coast of Kerry, where it was surrendered to crown officers. The 24 men on board were taken into custody and marched to Tralee castle. On the orders of Lady Margaret Denny, they were all hanged from a gibbet.
Valentia Island: The Trinidad (800 tons/302) was wrecked on "the coast of Desmond" - probably in south Kerry off Valentia Island, although there are no details of this event.
Clare: Off County Clare numerous ships of the fleet were sighted. Four were reported off Loop Head, two of which were wrecked, including the San Esteban (700 tons/264 men) at Doonbeg, and probably the heavily damaged San Marcos (790 tons/squadron of Portugal/409 men/33 guns) at Spanish Point inside Mutton Island. All survivors were put to death by the sheriff of Clare, Boetius MacClancy, some, according to tradition, at Gallows Hill (in Irish, Cnoc na Crochaire).
At Liscannor the oar-powered galleass Zuñiga (290/Naples) anchored off-shore with a broken rudder, having found a gap in the Cliffs of Moher, which rise sheer from the sea over 220 metres. The ship came under surveillance by the sheriff of Clare and, when a cock-boat was sent ashore in search of supplies, the Spanish were attacked by crown forces and had to withdraw to their ship. One captive was taken and sent for interrogation. The Zuñiga escaped the coast with favourable winds, put in at le Havre, and finally made it home to Naples in the following year.
[edit] Ulster
Donegal: La Trinidad Valencera (1,000 tons/Levant squadron/360 men/42 guns) was taking on more water than could be pumped out as it approached the coast. Nevertheless the 264 men in the Barca de Amburgo, another ship that was practically swamped in the heavy seas, were taken on board. The Trinidad anchored in Glenagivney Bay in modern County Donegal, where she listed to such a degree that the order was given to abandon ship. Some locals were paid for the use of a small boat, and over the course of two days all 560 men were ferried to shore.
During a seven day march inland, the column of survivors met a force of crown cavalry under the command of the foster-brothers of Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone. Upon pledges of safe conduct for their delivery into the custody of Fitzwilliam - given in the presence of the Earl of Tyrconnell - the Spanish laid down their arms. The noblemen and officers were separated out, and 300 of the ordinary men were massacred. The surviving 150 fled through the bog, ending up either with Sorley Boy MacDonnell at Dunluce or at the house of Redmond O'Gallagher, the bishop of Derry, and were sent to Scotland. The 45 noblemen and officers were marched to Dublin, but only 30 survived to reach the capital, where they were dispatched to London for ransom. O'Neill rebuked Tyrconnell for his betrayal of the Spanish, and made efforts to aid all survivors within his territory.
Two further ships - unidentified - were wrecked on the Donegal coast, one at Mullaghderg, the other at Rinn a' Chaislean.
[edit] Connacht
The governor of Connacht, Richard Bingham, sought reinforcements from Dublin, but his request was denied by Fitzwilliam who had few resources at his disposal. A proclamation made it treason on pain of death for any man to hold Spaniards.
Many survivors were delivered to Galway from all over the province. In the first wave of seizures, 40 noblemen were reserved for ransom, and 300 men were put to death. Later, on the orders of Fitzwilliam, all the noblemen except two were also executed, along with 6 Dutch boys who had fallen into custody afterward. In all, 12 ships were wrecked on the coast of Connacht, and 1,100 survivors were put to death.
Galway: The Falco Blanco (300 tons/103 men/16 guns) and the Concepcion of Biscay (225 men/18 guns) and another unknown ship entered Galway Bay. The Falco Blanco was grounded at Barna, 5 km west of Galway city, and most of those on board made it to shore. The Concepcion was grounded at Carna 30 km further west, having been lured to shore by the bonfires of a party of wreckers from the O'Flaherty clan.
Sligo: Three ships were wrecked on the coast of Sligo, with 1,800 men drowned and perhaps 100 coming ashore. Among the survivors was Captain Francisco de Cuellar, who gave a remarkable account of his experiences in the fleet and on the run in Ireland (see his article for more details of the Sligo wrecks).
Mayo: In September at Tyrawley in modern County Mayo a galleon was wrecked, and of the men who came to shore 80 were killed by a gallowglass warrior and 72 (along with a bishop) were taken into custody for the crown and put to death at Galway on Fitzwilliam's orders. Tradition has it that another ship was wrecked in the vicinity, near Kid Island, but no record remains of this event. Also, the Gran Grin was wrecked at the mouth of Clew Bay.
Aran Islands: Two ships were sighted off the Aran Islands, with one failing to land a party in hard weather, and it is not known what became of them.
A Spanish landing: The merchant carrack La Rata Santa Maria Encoronada (419 men/35 guns) had run for the Irish coast in desperate need of repair, along with 4 other ships of the Levant squadron and 4 galleons. The Rata carried an unusually high number of noblemen from the most ancient families of Spain - chief among them Don Alonso Martinez de Leyva - as well as the son of the Irish rebel, James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald.
The Rata was skilfully handled along the northern coast of Mayo, but could not clear the Mullet Peninsula, and so anchored in Blacksod Bay on the 7th of September. The wind got up and the anchors dragged, until the ship was driven on to Ballycroy strand. All the crew got to shore under the leadership of de Leyva, and two castles were seized and fortified with munitions and stores from the beached ship, which was then torched. The rebel's son, Maurice Fitzmaurice, had died on board, and was cast into the sea in a cypress chest.
The Spanish soon moved on to another castle, where they were met by a host of fellow survivors, approaching from the wreck in Broadhaven of another ship, which had entered that bay without masts. De Leyva's host now numbered 600, and the governor of Connacht, Richard Bingham, chose not to confront them. After some days two ships of the Armada entered Blacksod Bay - the merchantman Nuestra Senora de Begona (750 tons/297 men) and the transport Duquesa Santa Ana (900 tons/23 guns/357 men). De Leyva and his 600 men boarded the Duquesa. The Nuestra Senora sailed straight for Santander, Spain arriving some time later; the Duquesa however was somewhat damaged, and it was decided to sail north for Scotland. Stormy weather soon hit the Duquesa and she was grounded in Loughros Bay in Donegal, with all aboard reaching shore in what was friendly territory.
De Leyva, who had been seriously injured by a capstan, pitched camp on the shore of the bay for nine days, until news came of another ship of the fleet, the galleass Girona, which had anchored in Killybegs harbour while two other ships had been lost on attempting to enter the harbour. With the assistance of an Irish chieftain, MacSweeney Bannagh, the Girona was repaired and set sail in mid-October with 1,300 men on board, including de Leyva. Lough Foyle was cleared, but then a gale struck and the Girona was driven ashore at Dunluce in modern County Antrim. There were 9 survivors, who were sent on to Scotland by Sorley Boy MacDonnell; 260 bodies were washed ashore.
[edit] Salvage
The first salvage attempts were made within months, on the coast of County Clare by Sir George Carew, who complained at the expense "of sustaining the divers with copious draughts of usequebaugh [whiskey]".
Sorley Boy MacDonnell recovered 3 brass cannon and 2 chests of treasure from the wreck of the Girona.
In 1797 a quantity of lead and some brass guns were raised from the wreck of an unknown Armada ship at Mullaghderg in County Donegal. Two miles further south, in 1853, an anchor was recovered from another unknown Armada wreck.
[edit] Aftermath
Between 17 and 24 ships of the Armada were lost on the Irish coast - accounting for about one-third of the fleet's total loss of 63 - and about 5,000 men died.
By the end of September 1588 Fitzwilliam was able to report to the queen's secretary, Lord Burghley, that the Armada alarm was over. Soon after, he reckoned that only about 100 survivors remained in the country. In 1596 an envoy of King Phillip II of Spain arrived to make inquiries for survivors, and only 8 were found.
Following the defeat of the Armada, the English sent a fleet to Spain in 1589, but failed to press home their advantage. The Spanish gradually reasserted their dominance at sea, and treasure from the New World flowed in at an increasing rate.
Before the end of the Anglo-Spanish War, Ireland was to feature in Spanish strategy, when 3,500 troops were landed in the south of the country in the autumn of 1601 to assist the Ulster rebel Hugh O'Neill at the height of the Nine Years War (1595-1603). This expedition also failed, and Spain and England concluded a peace in 1604. In 1607 the chief rebels left Ireland in the Flight of the Earls, and England perfected the Tudor re-conquest of Ireland with the Plantation of Ulster in 1610.
[edit] The Spanish Armada in art
The Grainuaile Suite (1985), a classical treatment of the life of the Irish sea-queen Grace O'Malley by Irish composer Shaun Davey, contains an exquisite lament on the Spanish landings in Ireland, sung by Rita Connolly.
[edit] Sources
- T.P. Kilfeather Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada (Anvil Books Ltd, 1967)
- Cyril Falls Elizabeth's Irish Wars (1950; reprint London, 1996). ISBN 0-09-477220-7.
[edit] See also
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[edit] External links
- Top 10 myths and muddles about the Spanish Armada, history's most confused and misunderstood battle by Wes Ulm, Harvard University.
- Girona Tribute
- Gold of the Girona
- Wes Ulm, "The Defeat of the English Armada and the 16th-Century Spanish Naval Resurgence: A More Detailed Look at the Spanish Armada, its Immediate Results, its Long-Term Effects, and its Lesser-Known Aftermath"
- Hardiman's History of Galway, Chapter 4 describing the 1588 Galway encounter
