Soyuz TM-12

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**Soyuz TM-12**
Mission Statistics
Mission Insignia

Mission Name:	Soyuz TM-12
Call Sign:	Озо́н (Ozone)
Number of Crew Members:	3
Launch:	May 18, 1991 12:50:28 UTC Baikonur LC1
Landing:	October 10, 1991 04:12:18 UTC 61 km SW of Arkalyk
Duration:	144 days 15 hours 21 minutes 50 seconds
Number of Orbits:	~2,260

[edit] Crew

Launched:

Landed:

(1) number of spaceflights each crew member has completed, including this mission.

[edit] Mission parameters

Mass: 7160 kg
Perigee: 389 km
Apogee: 397 km
Inclination: 51.6°
Period: 92.4 minutes

[edit] Mission highlights

12th expedition to Mir. Included astronaut from United Kingdom.

The Derbents welcomed aboard Mir Anatoli Artsebarski, Sergei Krikalev (on his second visit to the station), and British cosmonaut-researcher Helen Sharman, who was aboard as part of Project Juno, a cooperative venture partly sponsored by British private enterprise. Sharman’s experimental program, which was designed by the Soviets, leaned heavily toward life sciences, her speciality being chemistry. A bag of 250,000 pansy seeds was placed in the Kvant 2 EVA airlock, a compartment not as protected from cosmic radiation as other Mir compartments. Sharman also contacted nine British schools by radio and conducted high-temperature superconductor experiments with the Elektropograph-7K device. Sharman commented that she had difficulty finding equipment on Mir as there was a great deal more equipment than in the trainer in the cosmonaut city of Zvezdny Gorodok. Krikalev commented that, while Mir had more modules than it had had the first time he lived on board, it did not seem less crowded, as it contained more equipment. Krikalev also noted that some of the materials making up the station’s exterior had faded and lost color, but that this had had no impact on the station’s operation.

Spent 144 days docked to Mir. While it was in orbit, the failed coup d’etat against Mikhail Gorbachev rocked the Soviet Union, setting in motion events which led to the end of the Soviet Union on January 1, 1992.

Manned spaceflights to Mir