Sokol space suit
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The Sokol space suit (Russian: Cокол, Falcon) is a type of Russian spacesuit, worn by all astronauts and cosmonauts that fly on the Soyuz spacecraft. It was introduced in 1973, and is still used as of 2005. The Sokol is described by its makers as a rescue suit, and it is not capable of being used outside the spacecraft in a spacewalk or extra-vehicular activity. Instead, its purpose is to keep the wearer alive in the event of an accidental depressurisation of the spacecraft. In this respect it is similar to the ACES suit worn by NASA's shuttle astronauts.
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[edit] Description
The current version of the suit is the Sokol-KV2, manufactured by NPP Zvezda (НПП Звезда.) It consists of an inner pressure layer of rubberised kapron and an outer layer of white nylon canvas. Boots are integrated with the suit but gloves are removable and attach by means of blue anodised aluminium wrist couplings. The polycarbonate visor can open on hinges mounted near the ears and seals with an anodised aluminium clavicle flange when closed; the hood or 'soft helmet' folds when the visor is raised. The suit has four pockets and adjustment straps on the arms, legs, chest and abdomen.
There is a suit pressure gauge on the left wrist. A mirror on an elastic wrist band is worn on the right—this helps the cosmonaut see things that would otherwise be outside his or her field of view. During re-entry, an altimeter on a wrist strap may also be worn; this gives an immediate check on cabin pressure and warns when to brace for touchdown (during the last phase of landing the cabin opens to the outside air.) A wristwatch is often worn as well, with an elastic wrist band replacing the strap so it may fit over the bulky suit glove. The watches are often privately purchased by the cosmonaut and a wide variety of Swiss and Russian models have been used.
Electrical cables are mounted on the right abdomen of the suit; on the left abdomen there are separate hoses for air and oxygen. Normally, an electric blower ventilates the suit with cabin air through the larger hose at the rate of 150 litres (5.3 cubic feet) per minute. If the cabin pressure drops below 600 hectopascals (0.59 atmosphere, 8.7 psi) the air supply is automatically replaced with oxygen from pressurised bottles. Both air and oxygen exhaust through the blue pressure relief valve at the centre of the chest, this valve also regulates the pressure of the suit.
Effectively, the suit uses an open circuit life support system that somewhat resembles scuba equipment. This has the advantage of simplicity; the disadvantage of a high rate of oxygen consumption is considered acceptable given that it's only intended for emergency use.
The suits weigh around 10 kg (22 lb) and are described by those who have used them as a considerable encumbrance when worn on the ground. Despite this, they are intended to be worn for up to 30 hours in a pressurised environment or 2 hours in a vacuum. They can also float and have a neck dam that allowes the visor to be raised in water without the risk of flooding the suit. However, Soyuz crews are provided with buoyancy aids and cold water survival suits which would be used in preference if the Soyuz accidentally landed in water.
As of the end of 2002, a total of 309 flight suits had been made and 135 training and testing suits.
[edit] Operational use
Each cosmonaut is provided with a made-to-measure suit for flight although, from the numbers made, it appears that the suits provided for ground training are re-used. It is considered vital that the flight suit fits correctly and the cosmonaut will spend two hours sitting in a launch couch with the suit inflated to make sure of this. Straps on the arms, legs and chest allow fit to be adjusted slightly.
To don the suit, the two zips that make a 'V' on the chest are opened. Underneath, there is a large tubular opening in the inner pressure layer known as the appendix. The cosmonaut enters through this, legs first, then puts his or her arms through the sleeves and head into the helmet. When the suit is on, an airtight seal is made by tightly rolling up the appendix and securing it with strong elastic bands. The large bulge of the rolled-up appendix is secured under the V shaped flap in the suit's outer layer. When worn on the ground, the suit is attached to a portable ventilation unit—a hand-held device that supplies air to the suit, cooling it first with an ice filled heat exchanger. Grey leather outer boots are also worn on the ground, they protect the feet of the suit from damage and are removed before entering the spacecraft to avoid carrying debris into the cabin.
The suit is worn during launch and re-entry of the Soyuz spacecraft—the gloves are attached and the visor is sealed at these times. In an emergency the suit pressure is usually maintained at 400 hPa (0.39 atm, 5.8 psi) above the ambient by the pressure relief valve. However, the suits only have a rudimentary pressure relief layer so they tend to balloon when inflated. Movement of the wearer becomes restricted although it is still possible to function inside the capsule.
If more than limited movement is required, the pressure relief valve may be adjusted to a lower setting of 270 hPa (0.26 atm, 3.9 psi). Pure oxygen at this pressure will support life but the setting is only intended for use in extreme emergencies; the risk of decompression sickness becomes significant if the wearer spends more than 15 minutes at the lower pressure setting.
[edit] History
Pressure suits were worn on the Vostok space missions, but when the Soyuz spacecraft was being developed in the mid-1960s, the controversial decision was taken by its designers, OKB-1, not to use them on the new spacecraft. Some of the early Soyuz flights carried Yastreb space suits but these were only for space walks and were only worn in orbit.
On June 30, 1971, the crew of Soyuz 11 died when their spacecraft depressurised during re-entry. One of the recommendations of the investigating government commission was that pressure suits should be worn by future crews during critical phases of their mission - launch, docking and landing.
NPP Zvezda was given the task of providing the suits. They rejected the use of existing Russian space suits and chose to base a new suit on the existing Sokol aviation pressure suit. The main modification was the replacement of the Sokol suit's hard helmet. Other features of the aviation suit that were considered unnecessary were removed to save weight.
At the same time, a life support system was developed in co-operation with OKB-1. The new suit was named the Sokol-K, K is the abbreviation of the Russian word for space.
[edit] Sokol variants
[edit] Sokol-K
The first version of the Sokol space suit; it was first used on Soyuz 12, launched on September 27, 1973.
[edit] Sokol-KR
A version intended for use with the TKS spacecraft which was to be used as part of the Almaz programme. The suit was never used as the TKS never flew with a crew. Its main difference was that it was designed to work with a regenerative life support system.
[edit] Sokol-KM and Sokol-KV
Work on improving the Sokol-K began 1973, immediately after its introduction. The Sokol-KM and KV were intermediate models on which many of the features of the Sokol-KV2 were developed, neither was ever used in space.
To be donned, the Sokol-KM and KV split into upper and lower halves joined by zip fasteners. However, this feature was discarded in the Sokol-KV2 and the appendix was retained as a means of donning the suit - it was thought to be more reliable than the airtight zippers the Russians were able to make. Other changes included alterations to the fabric around the joints improve mobility and improvement of the gloves to make it easier to operate the spacecraft controls.
The KM and KV also featured a liquid-cooled undergarment that would increase the comfort of the wearer by efficiently removing body-heat; other suits relied on the flow of air to do this.
[edit] Sokol-KV2
The Sokol-KV2, the current version of the suit, was first used on the Soyuz T-2 mission, launched on June 5, 1980.
The main improvement was the replacement of the rubber pressure layer of the Sokol-K with rubberised kapron to save weight. The visor was modified and enlarged to give the cosmonaut a better field of view. Laces in the outer canvas layer were replaced with zippers to make the suit quicker to don and the pressure relief valve was moved from the left abdomen to the centre of the chest so either hand could be used to alter the suit's pressure setting. The improved arms, legs and gloves of the Sokol-KV were retained although the liquid cooled undergarment of the KM and KV was discarded.
[edit] Foreign use
It is known the Chinese have bought a number of space suits from the Russians for use in their space programme. The suit worn by Yang Liwei on Shenzhou 5, the first manned Chinese space flight, closely resembles a Sokol-KV2 suit, but it is believed to be a Chinese-made version rather than an actual Russian suit. Pictures show that the suits worn by Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng on Shenzhou 6 differ in detail from the earlier suit, they are also reported to be lighter.
Sokol suits have been bought for uses other than spaceflight. It was planned that the crew of the British QinetiQ 1 high altitude balloon would wear modified Sokol suits purchased from Zvezda. As the balloonists would have occupied an open platform during their twelve hour flight, the Sokol suits, together with heavily insulated outer garments, would have protected them from the cold and low pressure of the Stratosphere as the balloon ascended to a height of around 40 km (25 miles, 132,000 feet).
[edit] U.S. equivalent
During the flight of Gemini 7, astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell wore modified Gemini spacesuits that somewhat resemble the Sokol suits, but with significant differences.
Their suits, known as the G5C by their manufacturer, the David Clark Company (the same manufacturer as the current ACES pressure suit), used the earlier G3C model suit (worn only on the Gemini 3 mission) as the baseline, but with the helmet and neckring replaced with a zippered-on hood and visor (made of polycarbonate plastic) in which the astronaut wore a modified Naval aviation-style crash helmet underneath for launch and reentry (as the Gemini spacecraft had ejection seats instead of a launch escape system). During nominal flight, the pressure hood can be folded into a sort-of "head rest," with the gloves and jump boots being removable. Unlike the G3C and G4C EVA suit, which only facilitates the removal of the helmet and gloves during in-space activity, the G5C suit also had the capability of being completely removable, which was achieved, with some difficulty, by Jim Lovell during the early phases of the mission. Biomedical data collected from Lovell, who wore only the long-john underwear as a sort-of flight coverall and Borman, who remained suited, allowed NASA to adopt the use of flight coveralls for the subsequent Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle, Shuttle-Mir, and ISS expedition missions.
Despite the similarities between the Gemini G5C suit and the Sokol suit, the main difference is that the G5C suit utilized constant-volume joints, allowing the astronaut to bend their elbows and knees when the suit was pressurized, along with the suit utilizing a closed-loop system, in which waste gases would be recycled by the spacecraft into fresh oxygen, thus the suit can be worn indefinitely in the case of a sudden depressurization. The Sokol suit, with its open-loop system, only allows the cosmonauts to survive a depressurization for up to 2 hours, thus such emergencies would require the immediate termination of a Soyuz mission.
[edit] Collectors' market
Sokol space suits, including ones flown in space, were first sold by Sotheby's at an auction devoted to Russian space history in 1993. Subsequently, components such as gloves, communications caps and wrist mirrors have frequently come up for sale on EBay; even complete suits have occasionally come up for sale. These are usually worn out items that have been discarded after use during ground training and were never intended for use in space. As these items are nominally the property of the Russian government, the legitimacy of their sale has been questioned. Furthermore, the Russian Mafia is alleged to be involved in the trade.
[edit] References
- ↑ Isaak P. Abramov, A. Ingemar Skoog, (2003). Russian Space Suits: Springer-Praxsis. ISBN 1-85233-732-X.
- ↑ Helen Sharman Cristopher Priest, (1993). Seize the Moment, Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-05628-2.
- ↑ Christopher S. Stuart, Psst - Wanna Buy a Slightly Used Soviet Space Suit?. Wired Magazine, issue 13.04, April 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2006.
- ↑ Sotheby's Catalogue - Russian Space History, sale 6516, December 11, 1993.
- ↑ Sotheby's Catalogue - Russian Space History, sale 6753, March 16, 1996.
