Slavey language

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Slavey
Spoken in:	Canada
Region:	Northwest Territories
Total speakers:	Total: 2,200 North Slavey: 790 South Slavey: 1,410
Language family:	Na-Dené  Athabaskan-Eyak   Athabaskan    Northern     Slavey
Official status
Official language of:	Northwest Territories
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	den
ISO/FDIS 639-3:	variously: den — Slave (Athapascan) scs — North Slavey xsl — South Slavey
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-​based pronunciation key.

Slavey (also Slave) (pronounced: [slevi]) is an Athabaskan language spoken among the Slavey First Nations people of Canada.

In older literature, the name of the language was spelt Slave; however, the connotations of this, along with the pronunciation of the homograph slave (the final e should be pronounced) have caused the change to Slavey instead.

The language can be written using Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics or the Roman alphabet.

Slavey was the native language spoken by the fictional band in the Canadian television series, North of 60. Nick Sibbeston, a former Premier of the Northwest Territories, was a Slavey language and cultural consultant for the show.

Contents 1 North Slavey language and South Slavey language 2 Sounds 2.1 Consonants 2.1.1 Bearlake 2.1.2 Hare 2.1.3 Mountain 2.1.4 Slavey (proper) 2.1.5 Phonological processes 2.2 Vowels 2.3 Tone 3 Grammar 4 Bibliography

[edit] North Slavey language and South Slavey language

North Slavey language is spoken by the Sahtu people in the Mackenzie District along the middle Mackenzie River from Fort Norman north, around Great Bear Lake, and in the Mackenzie Mountains of the Canadian territory of Northwest Territories.

Statistics: Speakers: 290 (1998 Statistics Canada)

Alternate names: Slavi, Dené, Mackenzian, Slave

Dialects: Hare, Bearlake, Mountain

South Slavey language or Dene-thah, is spoken in the region of Great Slave Lake, upper Mackenzie River and drainage in Mackenzie District, northeast Alberta, northwest British Columbia.

Statistics: Speakers: 2,620 (1998 Statistics Canada)

Alternate names: Slavi, Slave, Dené, Mackenzian

[edit] Sounds

[edit] Consonants

[edit] Bearlake

The 35 consonants of Bearlake:

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar		Glottal
			central	lateral		plain	labial
Stop	unaspirated	p	t			k	kʷ
	aspirated		tʰ			kʰ	kʷʰ
	ejective		tʼ			kʼ	kʼʷ	ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated		ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
	aspirated		ʦʰ	tɬʰ	ʧʰ
	ejective		ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m	n
Fricative	voiceless		s	ɬ	ʃ	x	ʍ	h
	voiced		z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant					j		w

[edit] Hare

The 30 (or 31) consonants of Hare:

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar		Glottal
				central	lateral		plain	labial
Stop	unaspirated	p		t			k	kʷ
	aspirated			tʰ			kʰ
	ejective			tʼ			kʼ		ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated			ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
	ejective			ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m		n
Flap				(ɾ)
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	ɬ	ʃ	x		h
	voiced			z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant	plain					j		w
	preglottalized							ʔw

For some speakers of Hare, /ɾ/ has developed into a separate phoneme.

[edit] Mountain

The 33 consonants of Mountain:

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar	Glottal
				central	lateral
Stop	unaspirated	p		t			k
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ			kʰ
	ejective	pʼ		tʼ			kʼ	ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated			ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
	aspirated			ʦʰ	tɬʰ	ʧʰ
	ejective			ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m		n
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	h
	voiced		v	z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant						j

[edit] Slavey (proper)

The 34 (or 35) consonants of Slavey (proper):

		Bilabial	Labio-velar	Interdental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar	Glottal
					central	lateral
Stop	unaspirated	(p)			t			k
	aspirated				tʰ			kʰ
	ejective				tʼ			kʼ	ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated			t̪ᶿ	ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
	aspirated			t̪ᶿʰ	ʦʰ	tɬʰ	ʧʰ
	ejective			t̪ᶿʼ	ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m			n
Fricative	voiceless			θ	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	h
	voiced			ð	z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant			w				j

[edit] Phonological processes

The following phonological and phonetic statements apply to all four dialects of Slavey.

• Unaspirated obstruents are either voiceless or weakly voiced, e.g.
  • /k/ → [k] or [k̬]
• Aspirated obstruents are strongly aspirated.
• Ejectives are strongly ejective.
• When occurring between vowels, ejectives are often voiced, e.g.
  • /kʼ/ → [ɡˀ] or [kʼ]
• /ʦʰ/ is usually strongly velarized, i.e. [tˣ].
• Velars are palatalized before front vowels, e.g.
  • /kɛ/ → [cɛ]
  • /xɛ/ → [çɛ]
  • /ɣɛ/ → [ʝɛ]
• Velar fricatives may be labialized before round vowels.
  • The voiceless fricative is usually labialized, e.g.
    • /xo/ → [xʷo]
  • The voiced fricative is optionally labialized and may additionally be defricated e.g.
    • /ɣo/ → [ɣo] or [ɣʷo] or [wo]
• Velar stops are also labialized before round vowels. These labialized velars are not as heavily rounded as labial velars (which occur in Bearlake and Hare), e.g.
  • /ko/ → [kʷo]
  • /kʷo/ → [k̹ʷwo]
• Lateral affricates are sometimes velar, i.e.
  • /tɬ/ → [tɬ] or [kɬ]
  • /tɬʰ/ → [tɬʰ] or [kɬʰ]
  • /tɬʼ/ → [tɬʼ] or [kɬʼ]
• /x/ may be velar or glottal, i.e.
  • /x/ → [x] or [h]

[edit] Vowels

• a [a]
• e [e]
• ə [ə]
• i [i]
• o [o]
• u [u]
• nasal vowels are marked with an ogonek accent, e.g., ą [ą]

[edit] Tone

Slavey has two tones:

• high
• low

In Slavey orthography, high tone is marked with an acute accent, and low tone is unmarked.

Tones are both lexical and grammatical.

Lexical: /ɡáh/ 'along' vs. /ɡàh/ 'rabbit'

[edit] Grammar

[edit] Bibliography

• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Rice, Keren. (1989). A grammar of Slave. Mouton grammar library (No. 5). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-010779-1.