Sirmium
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Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica), the glorious mother of cities, was an ancient city in Roman Pannonia. Sirmium originally was an Illyrian town conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC. It was a very important town in the later Roman Empire, being the economic capital of Roman Pannonia and one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire. The present day region of Syrmia was named after this city.
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[edit] History
- For the post-Roman history of the town, see Sremska Mitrovica
Sirmium was one of the oldest cities in Europe. [citation needed] Archaeologists have found a trace of organized human life on the site of Sirmium dating from the 5000 BC. When the Romans conquered the city in the 1st century BC, Sirmium already was a settlement with a long tradition.
In the 1st century, Sirmium gained a status of a colony of the citizens of Rome, and became a very important military and strategic location in Pannonia province. The war expeditions of Roman emperors Traian, Marcus Aurelius, and Claudius II, were prepared in Sirmium.
In 103, Pannonia was split into two provinces: Upper Pannonia and Lower Pannonia, and Sirmium became the capital city of Lower Pannonia.
In 296, Diocletian operated a new territorial division of Pannonia. Instead of previous two provinces, there were four new provinces established in former territory of original Pannonia: Pannonia Prima, Pannonia Valeria, Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda. Capital city of Pannonia Secunda was Sirmium.
In 293, with the establishment of tetrarchy, the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium emerged as one of the four capital cities of Roman Empire, the other three being Trier, Mediolanum, and Nicomedia. During the tetrarchy, Sirmium was the capital of emperor Galerius. With the establishment of praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium. Sirmium was capital of this prefecture until 379, when the prefecture was divided politically into Eastern and Western Illyricum. The western part (including Sirmium) was included into prefecture of Italia. The eastern part of Illyricum remained a separate prefecture with the capital in Thessalonica.
Since the 4th century, the city was an important Christian centre, and was a seat of the Episcopate of Sirmium. Five Christian councils were held in Sirmium. The city also had an emperor's palace, horse racing arena, mint, arena theatre, theatre, as well as many workshops, public baths, temples, public palaces and luxury villas.
At the end of the 4th century, Sirmium was brought under the sway of the Goths, and later, was again annexed to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 441, Sirmium was conquered by the Huns, and after this conquest, it remained for more than a century in the hands of various Barbarian tribes, such were Eastern Goths and Gepids. For a short time, Sirmium was the center of the Gepide State and the king Cunimund minted golden coins in it. After 567, Sirmium was again included into Eastern Roman Empire. The city was finally conquered and destroyed by Avars in 582. This event marked the end of the period of late Antiquity in the history of Sirmium.
[edit] Roman emperors
Six Roman emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings:
- Decius Traian (249-251)
- Aurelian (270-275)
- Probus (276-282)
- Maximianus Herculius (285-310)
- Constantius II (337-361)
- Gratian (367-383)
The last emperor of the united Roman Empire, Theodosius I (378-395) became emperor in Sirmium. The usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus also declared themselves emperors in this city (in 260) and many other Roman emperors spent some time in Sirmium.
[edit] Archeological trivia
- In early 1970s American archeologists sponsored by the US Government Culture Department made an offer to citizens of Sremska Mitrovica to completely rebuild a new modern town on another location but with request for permission for an independent archeological researches in favour. The town government under pressure of highest political institutions in then hard socialist Yugoslavia refused the request immediately.
- During preparations for work on the new Sremska Mitrovica trade center in 1972 one worker broke an old Roman pot in about 2m deep engineer scoop over old Sirmium settlement. 33 golden Roman coins were found in leather packet inside one Roman house wall, probably as a result of a centuries ago hidden savings of a wealthy Roman family. All were of a priceless value and all were coined in Sirmium. However, 4 coins, with the head and Latin name script of a Roman emperor Constantine I (the Great) are still today concerned as the 4 most valuable late Roman time issued golden coins. A young worker whose shovel brought this significant discovery to light was never rewarded.
- The only one remaining Roman horse racing arena in the World that is still underground is one in Sirmium. Colossal building with about 150m in wide and 450m long lays directly under Sremska Mitrovica town center and just beside the old Sirmium Emperor's Palace (one of just a few Sirmium opened public archeological sights) making clearly visible and for many people confusing valley in the town plain outspread. Recent announced culture and archeological projects for preserving and popularising Sirmium sights, haven't included any activity dealing with the arena, probably due to potential expensive and complicated archeological operation that will cause partly, or even completely destructing of a present town settlement.
[edit] Further reading
- Petar Milošević, Arheologija i istorija Sirmijuma, Novi Sad, 2001.
- Radomir Popović, Rano hrišćanstvo u Panoniji, Vojvođanski godišnjak, sveska I, Novi Sad, 1995.
