Sindhi language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sindhi सिन्धी سنڌي Sindhī |
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Spoken in: | India, Pakistan. Also Hong Kong SAR, Oman, Philippines, Singapore, UAE, UK, USA | |||
Region: | South Asia | |||
Total speakers: | 19.7 million | |||
Ranking: | 47 | |||
Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Zone Sindhi |
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Writing system: | Arabic, Devanagari script | |||
Official status | ||||
Official language of: | India, Pakistan | |||
Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
Language codes | ||||
ISO 639-1: | sd | |||
ISO 639-2: | snd | |||
ISO/FDIS 639-3: | snd
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Sindhī (सिन्धी, سنڌي) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 18.5 million people in Pakistan, and 2.8 million in India; it is also a recognised official language in both of these countries. Although the language is predominantly Indo-Aryan, it also shows up signs of Dravidian influence, making it unique in its importance and identity. Most Sindhi speakers in Pakistan are concentrated in Sindh. The remaining speakers are found spread throughout the many areas of the world (mainly other parts of India) to which members of an ethnic group migrated when Sindh became a part of Pakistan during the partition of British India in 1947. The language is written using the modified Arabic script. In 1948, the Government of India implemented the Devanagari script for Sindhi that did not get wide acceptance.
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[edit] Geographical distribution
Sindhi is taught as a first language in the schools of south-east Pakistan. In India especially in the State of Maharashtra many educational institutions managed by Sindhi community and in the schools of such society Sindhi is taught either as the medium of instruction or as a subject [1] Sindhi language has a vast vocabulary; this has made it a favourite of many writers and consequently much literature and poetry have been written in Sindhi. Dialects of Sindhi are spoken in southern Punjab, Balochistan, Northwest province of Pakistan (NWFP), and also Gujarat as well as Rajasthan in India.
[edit] History
Sindhi was a very popular literary language around the 14th-18th centuries. This is when sufis such as Shah Abdul Latif (as well as numerous others) narrated their theosophical poetry depicting the relationship between humans and God.
The Qur'an was first translated into Sindhi in rhymatic format. This was the first ever translation of Qur'an in the 12th century or earlier.
[edit] Sounds
Sindhi has a large sound inventory. It has 46 distinctive consonant phonemes (more than all the phonemes of English combined) and a further 16 vowels. All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four separate implosives.
[edit] Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
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Plosives | p ph |
b bɦ |
t th |
d dɦ |
ʈ ʈh |
ɖ ɖɦ |
k kh |
g gɦ |
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Implosives | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | ||||||||||||
Affricates | c ch |
ɟ ɟɦ |
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Nasals | m mɦ |
n nɦ |
ɳ ɳɦ |
ɲ | ŋ | |||||||||||
Fricatives | f | s | z | ʂ | x | ɣ | h | |||||||||
Taps and flaps | r | ɽ ɽɦ |
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Approximants | ʋ | j | ||||||||||||||
Lateral approximants |
l lɦ |
The phoneme /r/ is usually pronounced as an alveolar tap, [ɾ], though occasionally reminiscent of a trill with two or more contacts. The affricates /c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ/ are pronounced with a relatively short release and corresponding plosives symbols have therefore been used. /ʋ/ can be realized as either [w] or [ʋ] with free variation.
[edit] Vowels
[edit] Writing system
[edit] Arabic
In Pakistan, Sindhi is written in a variant of the Arabic script, which was adopted under the encouragement of the British when Sindh fell to them in the 19th century. It has a total of 52 letters, accommodating the additional sounds peculiar to Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic are pronounced identically in Sindhi.
جھ | ڄ | ج | پ | ث | ٺ | ٽ | ٿ | ت | ڀ | ٻ | ب | ا |
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ɟʱ | ʄ | ɟ | p | s | ʈʰ | ʈ | tʰ | t | bʱ | ɓ | b | * |
ڙ | ر | ذ | ڍ | ڊ | ڏ | ڌ | د | خ | ح | ڇ | چ | ڃ |
ɽ | r | z | ɖʱ | ɖ | ɗ | dʱ | d | x | h | cʰ | c | ɲ |
ق | ڦ | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص | ش | س | ز | ڙھ |
k | pʰ | f | ɣ | ∅ | z | t | z | s | ? | s | z | ɽʱ |
ي | ه | و | ڻ | ن | م | ل | ڱ | گھ | ڳ | گ | ک | ڪ |
* | h | * | ɳ | n | m | l | ŋ | ɡʱ | ɠ | ɡ | kʰ | k |
[edit] Devanagari
In India, the Devanagari script is also used besides standard Sindhi-Arabic script. Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.
अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
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ə | a | ɪ | i | ʊ | uː | e | ɛ | o | ɔ |
क | ख | ख़ | ग | ॻ | ग़ | घ | ङ | ||
k | kʰ | x | ɡ | ɠ | ɣ | ɡʱ | ŋ | ||
च | छ | ज | ॼ | ज़ | झ | ञ | |||
c | cʰ | ɟ | ʄ | z | ɟʱ | ɲ | |||
ट | ठ | ड | ॾ | ड़ | ढ | ढ़ | ण | ||
ʈ | ʈʰ | ɖ | ɗ | ɽ | ɖʱ | ɽʱ | ɳ | ||
त | थ | द | ध | न | |||||
t | tʰ | d | dʱ | n | |||||
प | फ | फ़ | ब | ॿ | भ | म | |||
p | pʰ | f | b | ɓ | bʱ | m | |||
य | र | ल | व | ||||||
j | r | l | ʋ | ||||||
श | ष | स | ह | ||||||
ʃ | ʂ | s | h |
[edit] See also
- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages of India
- List of national languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
[edit] External links
- Sindhi Education Societies
- Khushboo - Online Sindhi Magazine
- Indian institute of Sindhology
- SindhiLanguage.com
[edit] References
- International Phonetic Association (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Sindhi Alphabet with Devanagari equivalents
- http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm
- M. Qasim Bughio, The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh in Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony (Fabio Maniscalco ed.), vol. 1, January-June 2006
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