| Root on Wikipedia |
Root in references |
| *H₁eǵ- |
Oldest form *eǵ in Watkins and Pokorny, *eǵō or *eǵoH in Sihler, *eǵoH₂ in Fortson. |
| *H₁me- |
Oldest form *me- in Watkins and Pokorny, *me in Sihler, *me- (sometimes extended to *eme-) in Fortson. |
| *wei- |
Oldest form *we- in Watkins, *aw(e)- in Pokorny, *we(i)- in Fortson. *wei- allegedly from Beekes. |
| *nes- |
Oldest form *nes- in Watkins, *ne- in Pokorny, *nos in Sihler, *nes in Fortson. |
| *tuH- |
Oldest form *tu- in Watkins, *tu in Pokorny, *ti or *tu in Sihler, *tu- ("the nominative singular was perhaps *tuH, with the laryngeal the source of the long vowel in most of the descendant forms") in Fortson. |
| *te- |
*te in Sihler. |
| *yuH- |
Oldest form *yu- in Watkins and Pokorny, *yūs (*yuHs noted with question mark) in Sihler. |
| *wos- |
Oldest form *wos- in Watkins, Sihler, Fortson. |
| *kʷo- |
Oldest forms *kʷo- and *kʷi- in Watkins, Pokorny and Fortson, *kʷi-, *kʷe- and kʷo- in Sihler. |
| *s(w)e- |
Oldest form *s(w)e- in Watkins, *se- in Pokorny, *swe- and *se- in Fortson. |
| *H₂el- |
Oldest form *H₂el- (with caveat "probably") in Watkins, Sihler. |
| Root on Wikipedia |
Root in references |
| *H₃eino- |
Oldest form *oi-no in Watkins, *e- in Pokorny, *oy-no- in Sihler, *oi- (commonly suffixed as *oi-no-) in Fortson. |
| *sem- |
Oldest form *sem- in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler, Fortson. |
| *dwo- |
Oldest form *dwo- in Watkins, *duō(u) in Pokorny, *duwo in Sihler (originally **dewo or similar), *d(u)woH₁ in Fortson. |
| *trei- |
Oldest form *trei- in Watkins and Pokorny, *treyes in Sihler and Fortson. |
| *kʷetwer- |
Oldest form *kʷetwer- in Watkins, Pokorny, *kʷetwor- in Sihler, *kʷetwores in Fortson. |
| *penkʷe |
Oldest form *penkʷe in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler, Fortson. |
| *s(w)eḱs |
Oldest form *s(w)eḱs- in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler (Sihler theorizes that the original form was *weḱs, and s was added to the beginning of the word, sometimes replacing the original w, by way of association with septm̥, Fortson), *sweḱs- in Fortson. |
| *septm̥ |
Oldest form *septm̥ in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler, Fortson. |
| *H₃eḱteH₃ |
Oldest form *oḱtō(u) in Watkins, Pokorny and Fortson. According to Sihler, "the evidence of the daughter languages is clear in its general outlines but polyambiguous in detail, which allows for various reconstructions", most likely *H₃eḱtow, but possibly *H₃eḱteH₃ or *H₃eḱtoH₁ (much less likely, because the other numerals 3–10 all have e-grade, are *oḱtō, *oḱtoH₁, *oḱteH₃, *H₁oḱteH₃ or *H₃oḱteH₃). |
| *(H₁)newn̥ |
Oldest form *newn̥ in Watkins, Sihler (but Sihler mentions that *H₁newn̥ is used by those who trace prothetic vowels in Greek to laryngeals) and Fortson, *e-newen in Pokorny. |
| *deḱm̥(t) |
Oldest form *deḱm̥ in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler (but Sihler notes that *deḱm̥t is strongly implied by the ordinal *d(e)ḱm̥t-o- and the decad element **-dkomt) and Fortson. |
| *wiHḱm̥tiH |
Oldest form *wīḱm̥tī- in Watkins, *wī-ḱm̥t-ī in Pokorny, *wīḱm̥t- in Sihler (traced to earlier **wi-dḱomt), *wīḱm̥tī in Fortson (with the caveat "stricly speaking, the comparative evidence only supports a reconstruction *wiḱn̥tī", but that most handbooks give the aforementioned form based on the assumption that this form is derived from *dwiH₁-dḱm̥t-iH₁, "two tens"). |
| *ḱm̥tom |
Oldest form *ḱm̥tom in Watkins, Sihler, Fortson. |
| *teus-ḱm̥ti |
No references. |
| *ǵʰeslo- |
Oldest form *ǵʰeslo- in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler. |
| *per- |
Oldest form *per in Watkins and Pokorny, *preH₃ or *pro (or possibly *proH₂) in Sihler, *perH₃- in Fortson. |
| Root on Wikipedia |
Root in references |
| *H₁en |
Oldest form *en in Watkins, Pokorny and Fortson, *en (or *eni) in Sihler. |
| *H₁eǵʰs- |
Oldest form *eǵʰs in Watkins and Pokorny, *eḱs in Sihler (noting that the form is "sometimes" given as *eǵhs-). |
| *(s)uper |
Oldest form *uper in Watkins, Pokorny and Fortson, *uperi in Sihler. |
| *ter |
Oldest form *terH₂- in Watkins. |
| *(s)upo |
Oldest form *upo in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler, Fortson. |
| *n̥dʰer- |
Oldest form *n̥dʰer- in Watkins, *n̥dʰos in Pokorny, *n̥dʰer and *n̥dʰos in Fortson. |
| *H₂embʰi |
Oldest forms *ambʰi and m̥bʰi in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *H₂ent- |
Oldest form *H₂ent- in Watkins, *ant-s in Pokorny, *H2enti in Sihler. |
| *medʰyo- |
Oldest form *medʰyo- in Watkins, *medʰi- in Pokorny. |
| *bʰudʰmen |
Oldest forms *bʰudʰ- and *budʰ- in Watkins, *bʰrūg- in Pokorny. |
| *H₂ed- |
Oldest form *ad- in Watkins and Pokorny, *ad in Sihler (with *H₂ed noted with question mark). |
| Root on Wikipedia |
Root in references |
| *manu- |
Oldest forms *man- and *mon- in Watkins, *manu-s in Pokorny, *manu- in Fortson. |
| *neH₃-m̥n |
Oldest form *H₁no(H₃)-m̥n in Watkins, *en(o)m̥n in Pokorny, (H)nomn̥ or nomn̥ in Sihler. According to Fortson, "a very widespread neuter n-stem noun is the word for 'name', but its precise reconstruction is disputed; two commonly adduced contenders are *H₁neH₃mn̥ and *H₃nomn̥." |
| *wiH₁-ro- |
Oldest form *wiH-ro- in Watkins and Fortson, *wiro-s in Pokorny, *wiros in Sihler. |
| *gʷen- |
Oldest form *gʷen- in Watkins and Fortson, *gʷenā in Pokorny, *gʷenH₂ in Sihler. |
| *H₂en- |
Oldest form *an- in Watkins, *an- in Pokorny. |
| *pH₂ter- |
Oldest form *pH₂ter- in Watkins and Fortson (non-root form *pH₂tēr), *pH₂tē(r) in Pokorny, *pH̥₂tēr or *pH̥₂ter in Sihler. |
| *meH₂ter- |
Oldest form *māter- in Watkins, Pokorny and Fortson (non-root form *mātēr), *ma-H₂ter- in Sihler. |
| *bʰreH₂ter- |
Oldest form *bʰrāter- in Watkins, Pokorny and Fortson, *bʰraH₂ter- in Sihler. |
| *swesor- |
Oldest form *swesor- in Watkins, Pokorny, Sihler and Fortson (non-root form *swesōr). |
| *sunu- |
A derivative noun (*su(H)-nu-) from the verb *seHe- ("to give birth") in Watkins and Fortson, *seu- in Pokorny. |
| *dʰugH₂ter- |
Oldest form *dʰugH₂ter- in Watkins and Fortson, *d(ʰ)ugH₂ter- in Pokorny. |
| *daiwer- |
Oldest form *daiwer- in Watkins, *daiwēr in Pokorny. |
| *sweḱruH |
Oldest form *sweḱuro- in Fortson. |
| *snus-os |
Oldest form *snusos in Fortson. |
| *ǵH₂lōu- |
No references. |
| *yenH₂ter- |
No references. |
| H₂ewon- |
Oldest form *awo- in Watkins, *awo-s in Pokorny. |
| *nepeH₃t- |
Oldest form *nepōt- in Watkins, Pokorny, Fortson. |
| *widʰeweH₂- |
A derivative noun (*widʰ-ewā-) from the verb *weidʰ- ("to divide, separate") in Watkins and Pokorny, *widʰeweH₂ in Fortson. |
| *gʰosti- |
Oldest form *gʰos-ti- in Watkins, *gʰosti-s in Pokorny, *gʰostis in Fortson. |
| Root on Wikipedia |
Root in references |
| *ḱer- |
Oldest form *ḱer- in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *kaput- |
Oldest form *kaput- in Watkins, *kap-ut- in Pokorny. |
| *pula- |
No references. |
| *bʰruH- |
Oldest form *bʰruH- in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *H₃eus- |
Oldest forms *H₂ous- and *H₂eus- in Watkins, Pokorny, *H₂eus- in Fortson. |
| *H₃ekʷ- |
Oldest form *H₃ekʷ- in Watkins, Pokorny, Fortson. |
| *nas- |
Oldest form *nas- in Watkins, Pokorny, Fortson. |
| *H₃es- |
Oldest form "perhaps *H₃es-, but precise preform [of *ōs-] uncertain" in Watkins; *ōus- in Pokorny, *oH₁s- in Sihler. |
| *leb- |
Oldest form *leb- in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *dent- |
Oldest form *dent-, derived from *H₁d-ent- ("biting"), present participle of *H₁ed-, in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *dn̥ǵʰuH- |
Oldest form *dn̥ǵʰū- in Watkins, *dn̥ǵʰū in Pokorny. |
| *ǵenu- |
Oldest form *ǵenu- in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *ǵebʰ- |
Oldest forms *ǵep(ʰ)- and *ǵebʰ- in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *smek- |
No references. |
| *bʰardʰ-eH₂- |
Oldest form *bʰardʰ-ā- in Watkins, *bʰardʰā in Pokorny. |
| *moni |
Oldest form *mon- in Watkins, *mono- in Pokorny. |
| *H₃emesos |
Oldest form *om(e)so- in Watkins, *om(e)so-s in Pokorny. |
| *ḱub- |
According to Watkins, English hip does not derive from this root, and the earliest root for that word is in Old English. |
| *H₂erm- |
A derivative noun (*ar-mo-) from the verb *H₁ar- ("to fit together") in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *eH₃l- |
Oldest form *el- in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *dous- |
No references. |
| *ǵʰes- |
Oldest form *ǵʰes- in Watkins, *ǵʰesor- in Pokorny. |
| *men- |
Oldest form *man- in Watkins, *mH-r in Pokorny. |
| *H₃enogʰ |
Oldest form *H₃nogʰ in Watkins, onogh- in Pokorny. |
| *psten- |
No references. |
| *eH₂u-dʰ-r̥ |
Oldest form *euH-dʰ-r̥ in Watkins, *ēudʰ- in Pokorny. |
| *perḱ- |
No references. |
| *pog- |
Oldest form *peg- (meaning "breast", not "lap") in Watkins, Pokorny. |
| *H₃enbʰ- |
Oldest form *H₃nobʰ- in Watkins, *enebʰ- in Pokorny. |
